Journal of Urban Studies on Space and Place

Abstract Introduction
 The focus is on defining resilient communities as local institutional and adaptive capacities, skills, energy and resources that empower local individuals and groups to take control of their communities to determine how to build strong, healthy and vibrant communities in which people are proud to live. Local communities, as the cells of urban life, are part of the spatial organization of the city that have the ability to be identified socio-culturally. Values such as social trust, social solidarity and social integration are seen as internal capacities and hidden wealth in urban local communities. Despite the efforts made, the lack of deep clarity in the conceptualization of local community resilience is one of the main reasons for the confusion about related concepts, so that it can be said that to date, a comprehensive model of local community resilience that includes the functioning of all physical and socio-economic components from the immediate impact to the recovery phase in the face of a crisis has not been available, or clarifying the concept and operationalizing the mechanisms that lead to increasing the capacity of the local community for resilience has been ignored, and until there is a correct and accurate understanding of the concept, it is not possible to move towards operationalizing it in the real city context. This research gap emphasizes the innovative aspect of the upcoming study. Therefore, the need to address this issue in order to make human settlements as sustainable as possible is felt more than ever. The aim of this article is to apply resilience thinking in the social space of urban neighborhoods and to present a resilient neighborhood model from a social perspective through a descriptive-analytical review of theoretical literature. In this regard, the main questions are posed as follows: What dimensions does a rigorous definition of a resilient local community cover? And what are the themes, categories, and levels of the resilient urban neighborhood model in its social space?
Theoretical framework
This research, which aims to apply resilience thinking in the social space of urban neighborhoods and present a resilient neighborhood model from a social perspective through a descriptive-analytical review of theoretical literature, seeks to answer the first question, namely, what dimensions does a rigorous definition of a resilient local community cover? After reviewing studies in this field, and considering that it seems that three general categories of definitions can be identified; Definitions regarding the process of resilience, definitions regarding the neutralization of adverse effects and the ability to maintain sustainable performance, and definitions that address the range of characteristics of resilient communities provide the following definition: "By understanding resilience as a process, local community resilience can be introduced as an integrated framework including interactions between enabling factors (citizens, institutions, public attention and government support) and capacities (such as coping, adaptation and providing solutions) that are current at different levels. In fact, local community resilience is defined as the ability of a community to resist crises or disruptions, which emphasizes variables related to leadership, collective efficacy, attachment to place, preparedness, learning and social trust. The local community as a whole must effectively cope with adversity and learn from it."
Methodology
In order to achieve the main objective of the research, the methodology is followed in two main steps; A systematic review of the studies conducted as the first step, for a descriptive analysis of the general characteristics of these studies, including the process of publication and temporal and geographical distribution and extraction of the main sources to conduct a qualitative content analysis as the second step. The PRISMA method was used for a systematic review of the studies conducted due to the clarity of the steps and a more detailed examination. In response to the main research question and within the framework of the interpretivist paradigm, a qualitative content analysis method guided by an inductive approach was used. This analysis was carried out in 4 stages including summarization, coding, classification and discovery of themes.
Result and Discussion
A descriptive analysis of all studies conducted in the field of local community resilience shows that after a steady trend from the beginning, resilience theories have been raised more seriously in 2015. This increasing trend continues at a very high speed until it reaches its peak between 2020 and 2022. This period coincides with the onset of the global pandemic, and the resurgence of ideas related to local soft governance and micro-planning in self-sufficient and autonomous neighborhoods and resilient communities. Also, in the two-phase search that was conducted (1993-2015 and 2016-2024), the graphs show that in addition to the multiplicity of links in the second period, in the latter period, the multiplicity of keywords used has grown significantly and has generally shifted from general and general areas such as individuals, adults, parents, infrastructure, green space and the like, towards more specialized micro-areas such as environmental psychology, spatial poverty, vulnerable groups, racial and minority issues and gender, local governance, environmental perception, mental disorders, well-being, coping behavior, environmental violence, etc.
Conclusion
In the presented model, 3 layers or levels can be identified, the first level includes the management-institutional system and includes the factors that empower local communities, and decision-making and regulation tasks occur in this layer. This level interacts closely with its lower level, the central layer, which oversees the capacities and potentials of communities and is responsible for providing public services with the aim of supporting and protecting against crises. The lower level also creates the physical-spatial context of the above levels and includes environmental elements and components and spatial patterns or the objective manifestation of the local community. The three themes of mobilization capacity, experience capacity, and role-taking capacity are established in all the aforementioned levels and are expressed through the 12 categories stated, in a round-trip cycle.
 

Abstract Modernism has played an important role in the development of human life in technological dimensions, but its aterialistic view has made cities and urban spaces face basic challenges in social, cultural, environmental and spiritual fields. Therefore, paying attention to the quality of spirituality in the construction and measurement of urban spaces is an important step in dealing with these challenges. Therefore, the aim of this research is to understand the dimensions of the quality of spirituality in urban spaces and evaluate it in some urban spaces of Isfahan. In the qualitative part, the literature of the subject has been explained by a systematic review. In the quantitative part, the votes of two groups of elites (51 people) and citizens (400 people) in order to rank the perception of spirituality from 22 selected spaces of Isfahan city based on the Likert scale were analyzed using a questionnaire and using Friedman’s test to rank the perception of spirituality. One-way analysis of variance has been used to compare the perception of the sense of spirituality in the respondent group. According to the scores of two groups of elites and citizens, regarding the level of spirituality in the urban spaces of Isfahan, Jame Mosque scored the highest and Bazarche Hassan Abad scored the lowest. Also, among the types of space, “Cemetery” has received the highest score in terms of spirituality. Therefore, the two important cemetery of Isfahan, Takht Foulad Cemetery (the public tomb and the tomb of religious and cultural celebrities) and Golestan Shohada were selected as case study to conduct in-depth interviews with citizens (21 people) and the interviews were analyzed by thematic analysis. The results indicate that silence, solitude, peace, Islamic architecture of buildings and monuments, the integration of nature and natural elements with the tomb, the visibility of the sky and the vastness of the area; Also, the mental dimensions of the space, including the sense of remembrance, the sense of separation from the world, the connection with divine saints and religious elders are among the most important factors in creating spirituality in these cemetery.

Abstract The chaos of urban facades in the current state of Tehran is exposed to the eyes of citizens. To tackle this problem, many articles and books have been written and several national conferences have been held. With the initial search and review of these studies, it can be seen that most of them focus on the desirable quality of urban facades and have neglected the facade production process and its procedural dimensions. In this regard, the main goal of this article is to identify and explain the position of human resources and organizations involved in the process of constructing urban views and analyzing procedural challenges in it. For this purpose, in this article, articles related to urban views in Iran were extracted by reviewing databases such as Civilica, Mogiran, Nurmagz, Jihad Academici, and Google search engines. In the next step, considering the titles of the articles and reviewing their abstracts, the articles related to the process of facade production were separated and evaluated. In addition to categorizing the content of related articles and evaluating and analyzing their content, a questionnaire with open and closed questions has been randomly completed in Tehran to complete and stabilize the obtained information. The obtained information is analyzed by methods such as exploratory factor analysis, PCA method, and Friedman’s test is used to prioritize these factors. Also, the thematic analysis method and the usage of Atlas Ti9 software are used to analyze the open questions. Finally, concerning the analysis, human resources and organizations involved in the process of constructing urban facades and their areas in three dimensions, management-executive (urban management and executives and contractors), cultural-educational (people and designers), and economic (investors) have been categorized and prioritized and the challenges related to each of the human factors and intervening organizations have been identified separately.