Journal of Urban Studies on Space and Place

Abstract In its true sense, the square is a vast open space that usually has a direct impact on public gatherings and the political-social structures of society. To understand the concept of urban spaces in European cities, one should look for the concept of Agora in ancient Greece, which played an important role in regulating the relations of various urban institutions such as religion, politics, society, and commerce in the cities of that period. Its important historical period in the evolution of the squares of the 11th and 12th centuries in Italy should be known as being formed on the basis of Roman forms. In this period, these public spaces were formed by the monopoly of the aristocracy and the church, which had the direct effect of the institution of power on It shows the structures of the square in its essence, but gradually with the formation of the government, the power of the aristocracy and the church decreased and public places and squares were formed for the people as a social institution structure, the court, city council offices and markets were built next to them. Have democratized the role of European squares, in the following centuries, new cities appeared in which squares with various uses played a major role in their formation. Parallel to these spaces in Greek and Roman cities, in Iran, there have been spatial hierarchies for citizens in different eras. Taking the political institutions of the squares has been a center for displaying the power of kings and rulers. The main purpose of this research is the institutional comparison between Iranian (Seljukian, Timurian, Safavid) and Italian (Baroque, Renaissance, Gothic) squares between the 12th and 18th centuries, and this comparison is between 11 examples of the most important and prominent squares. Has been done, this research seeks to answer the question that (what are the institutional differences and similarities between Iranian and European fields?) Also, the theoretical model and the main framework of the research have been extracted based on documentary studies, which are the main theoretical body It includes economic, local, religious, social, and political institutions (political with emphasis on the benefit of the people, political with emphasis on the power of the king) and based on that, the fields have been compared. The results and findings of the research show the presence of an element of religion in a common and effective way in Iranian (mosque) and Italian (church) squares, European squares had a strong commercial role during the Renaissance, and local institutions were also an effective element and Such Iranian squares have had a political role (with an emphasis on the power of the king), while European squares have shown the presence of political institutions (political with an emphasis on the benefit of the people) and the .importance of civil society and citizens.

Abstract One of the challenging issues in the city of Tabriz is the opening of many roads in the urban context, which are usually implemented with the aim of increasing the access of citizens to new roads and solving the traffic problem. The current research with the aim of “evaluating the consequences of the implementation of path-breaking projects in the urban context of Tabriz” wants to answer the question that “to what extent the implementation of path-breaking projects in the last two decades as a strategy and development path of the city of Tabriz has led to urban justice and what are the consequences for Has it brought the citizens and the urban context of Tabriz?” The research method used was the descriptive-analytical method and the method of collecting information was library and field. The results of the research show that those streets that are defined and widened based on the logic of the growth and movement of the city and based on the guidelines that fit its genome, have been more successful than the one-dimensional and imposed streets. In the city of Tabriz, the widening of streets and passages such as Tarbiat, Raste Kuche and Imam Khomeini in accordance with the rules of the city have created relatively successful and acceptable spaces in the city. In connection with incomplete road construction projects, municipalities can use some scoring tools to complete construction measures more quickly. Also, due to the wide existence of valuable fabric in Tabriz city, unfortunately, in some cases, due to the weakness of study and needs assessment and not considering all the aspects and consequences of the implementation of the plans, the road development projects have resulted in damage to the cultural and historical heritage of the city.