Journal of Urban Studies on Space and Place

Abstract Introduction
The transformation of urban environments in contemporary cities has increasingly distanced spatial structures from their cultural roots, generating identity crises and visual homogenization across diverse contexts. In response, the discourse on urban landscape has shifted toward cultural and identity-oriented paradigms that regard landscape not merely as a physical composition but as a medium of social meaning and collective memory. Within this framework, local identity emerges as a decisive factor shaping the perceptual and aesthetic qualities of urban space, ensuring cultural continuity and social cohesion. This study investigates the role of local identity in forming the urban landscape patterns of Urmia—a culturally diverse city in northwestern Iran—and develops a policy framework aimed at enhancing landscape quality through the integration of indigenous cultural values. The research addresses a significant theoretical and practical gap in Iranian urban studies, where the relationship between cultural identity and landscape morphology remains underexplored, and planning policies often neglect the symbolic and social dimensions of place.

Methodology
The study adopts a mixed-method approach combining causal–comparative and survey techniques. Quantitative data were collected from 384 Urmia residents, selected via Cochran’s formula and stratified random sampling to represent all five municipal zones. A structured Likert-scale questionnaire measured eight cultural dimensions—historical, literary–artistic, economic, political–diplomatic, ecological, religious, ethnic–local, and ethical–perfection—and their correlations with urban landscape indices such as visual quality, diversity of spatial forms, and perceptual coherence. Data were validated for reliability using composite reliability, Cronbach’s alpha, and average variance extracted (AVE), and were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression models. Complementary expert analysis was conducted to derive strategic policy orientations, integrating empirical findings into a comprehensive policy framework for identity-oriented landscape governance.
Discussion and Result
Findings reveal that all cultural dimensions contribute to the formation of Urmia’s urban landscape with varying magnitudes and mechanisms of influence. Among them, the “culture of perfection”—a composite construct reflecting ethical, spiritual, and humanistic values—exerted the strongest impact (β = 0.796, p < 0.001), indicating that moral and value-driven cohesion serves as a critical foundation for aesthetic harmony and collective belonging. The “economic culture” (β = 0.691) and “historical culture” (β = 0.689) followed in significance, emphasizing the dual role of functional vitality and heritage continuity in maintaining urban identity. The “literary–artistic culture” demonstrated a considerable correlation (β = 0.574), reinforcing the idea that aesthetic symbolism and local art practices enrich urban readability and sensory engagement. Likewise, the “ethnic–local culture” (β = 0.575) enhanced spatial diversity and social inclusiveness, particularly in districts characterized by strong multiethnic interaction. In contrast, “religious” and “technological–organizational” cultures showed limited effects, suggesting that modern urban governance in Iran has increasingly detached spiritual and managerial domains from the experiential and symbolic layers of space.
The analytical synthesis underscores a multidirectional and reciprocal relationship between culture and landscape: while cultural values inform the configuration and perception of urban form, the spatial structure simultaneously reinforces or transforms collective cultural expression. This interdependence positions the urban landscape of Urmia as both a mirror and a mediator of local identity. The dominance of ethical and perfection-oriented values signifies the persistence of human-centered worldviews in Iranian cultural consciousness, where spatial meaning extends beyond visual form toward moral and social order. The interaction between economic and historical cultures further reveals that sustainability of the landscape depends not only on preserving material heritage but also on embedding economic vitality within culturally resonant urban fabrics. Moreover, the influence of artistic and ethnic dimensions highlights the importance of participatory cultural production in creating legible, inclusive, and emotionally engaging urban environments.
Building on these insights, the study formulates five strategic policy axes for identity-oriented landscape governance: (1) **Historical dimension** – revitalizing historic cores and incorporating local narratives in urban design to reinforce collective memory; (2) **Artistic dimension** – integrating vernacular arts and crafts into urban façades, furniture, and public spaces to enhance aesthetic coherence; (3) **Economic dimension** – linking creative economies and cultural tourism with sustainable urban development to generate place-based value; (4) **Ethnic–local dimension** – reflecting cultural diversity through inclusive design processes and supporting community-led cultural initiatives; and (5) **Ethical–perfection dimension** – institutionalizing moral and cultural values in planning through cultural charters, training programs, and performance assessment tools. Together, these strategies propose a transition from a “landscape of power,” dominated by top-down aesthetic regulations, toward a “landscape of culture,” shaped by shared meaning and civic participation.
The results have broader theoretical and practical implications. Theoretically, they contribute to the emerging body of knowledge linking local identity with urban landscape quality, demonstrating that cultural variables can be empirically measured and integrated into planning frameworks. The findings confirm that landscape quality is not a static visual property but a dynamic synthesis of cultural narratives, collective values, and spatial experience. Practically, the research offers a policy model adaptable to other culturally diverse Iranian cities, providing a pathway for embedding identity-oriented approaches in urban design, regeneration, and heritage management. By aligning urban policy with cultural continuity, cities can foster resilience, belonging, and aesthetic integrity in the face of modernization pressures. The Urmia case illustrates that sustainable urban landscapes emerge when cultural memory, creative expression, and moral values are intertwined within spatial planning, ensuring that the city’s evolution remains rooted in its local identity rather than abstract global templates
Conclusion
Overall, this study demonstrates that the revitalization of urban identity in Iranian cities requires a paradigm shift—from material reconstruction to cultural regeneration—wherein urban landscapes are re-envisioned as living narratives of place. Integrating indigenous cultural dimensions into planning and governance can thus transform landscapes from passive physical environments into active cultural systems that sustain meaning, continuity, and community well-being.

Abstract Introduction
Public spaces are key venues for social gatherings, participation, and collective expression, playing a crucial role in fostering collective identity and enhancing social well-being (El-Bardisy, 2024: 3). They also provide a context for analyzing human behavior through interpersonal spacing, or proxemics, which classifies distances into four zones: intimate (0–0.45 m), personal (0.45–1.2 m), social (1.2–3.6 m), and public (>3.6 m) (Hall, 1966). Naqsh-e Jahan Square in Isfahan, Iran, is one of the most prominent historical public spaces in the country, hosting both locals and tourists and offering a unique setting for studying socio-spatial interactions. Previous studies have primarily focused on the historical, architectural, and physical aspects of the square, while micro-scale analyses of user interactions and interpersonal spacing patterns remain limited (Babazadeh Asbagh, 2024: 3–8; Radahmadi et al., 1399: 5–12). This study aims to address this gap by investigating two primary questions: 1) What are the spatial patterns and interpersonal distances in Naqsh-e Jahan Square according to Hall’s proxemics model? 2) How do these patterns vary across morning, afternoon, and night periods? Understanding these patterns is essential to inform user-centered design and management, improve social interactions, and support sustainable tourism in historical urban spaces.
Theoretical Framework
This study is grounded in Edward Hall’s proxemics theory, which highlights the role of interpersonal distances in regulating social behavior (Hall, 1966). The theory has been extended to urban public spaces, where environmental and physical conditions, alongside cultural norms, influence behavior. Complementary concepts such as territoriality—primary (fixed), secondary (temporary), and public (open)—explain how users create informal boundaries through spatial positioning and clustering. Fixed features such as pathways, fountains, and iwans structure movement and spatial organization, while semi-fixed elements like seating areas, furniture, and shading regulate density, proximity, and social interaction. In Naqsh-e Jahan Square, the convergence of local cultural norms and tourism-driven dynamics requires an adapted proxemics framework that considers lighting, shading, crowd density, and temporal fluctuations. This augmented approach demonstrates that interpersonal distances result from the interaction between social norms and environmental affordances, positioning public spaces as “living behavioral models” in which user feedback informs iterative spatial design and management.
Methodology
A mixed–methods approach was employed to examine interpersonal spacing and user behavior in Naqsh-e Jahan Square. The study population included tourists, local residents, families, couples, and solitary users. Data collection occurred in June 2025 over three distinct day types—a weekday, a near-holiday day, and a holiday—across three time slots each day (morning 9:00–12:00, afternoon 16:00–19:00, and night 20:00–23:00), producing nine observational sessions in total. Key observation points included the central pool edges, the area in front of Ali Qapu Palace, the northern, eastern, and western platforms, the mosque entrances, and the iwans. A systematic, non-intrusive observation method ensured the natural behavior of users. An observation checklist captured variables such as time, location, social composition, dominant activity (sitting, standing, wandering, eating, cycling, vending, etc.), interpersonal distance (coded per Hall’s four zones), interaction type, and environmental conditions, including crowd density. Distances were estimated using the square’s flooring units (~50 cm each). In total, 380 social groups and individuals were recorded. Behavioral maps were created for morning, afternoon, and night to integrate observations for qualitative analysis. Quantitative analysis employed descriptive statistics (mean distances, activity distributions), while qualitative analysis involved map interpretation and environmental notes. Reliability and validity were ensured through repeated observations and dual coding.
Results and Discussion
Findings indicate that interpersonal spacing patterns are strongly influenced by day type, time of day, and environmental and physical factors. On low-density weekdays, social and public distances dominate, with individual, transient behavior prevalent. In contrast, near-holiday and holiday periods show higher density, reduced distances, and more intimate interactions. Users actively create secondary territories, particularly along the central pool, peripheral platforms, and shaded zones, while open transitional areas remain primarily public. Fixed elements structure movement and clustering, whereas semi-fixed elements such as furniture, seating, and shade regulate density, distance, and interaction opportunities. Hall’s model alone is insufficient for fully explaining behavior in Iranian public spaces; environmental and spatial components must be integrated. Behavioral mapping revealed that shaded, furnished areas accommodate higher density and closer interactions, while open sunlit areas maintain larger interpersonal distances. The findings align with patterns observed in global public spaces but also reflect local socio-cultural and tourism-related dynamics, emphasizing the importance of context-specific adaptation in public space design.
Conclusion
Naqsh-e Jahan Square functions as a “living behavioral model,” where user behaviors interact with environmental affordances to shape social experiences. Integrating Hall’s proxemics model with spatial and environmental variables provides a practical framework for analyzing and designing user-centered historical public spaces. By adjusting furniture layouts, lighting, shading, zoning, and pathways based on observed behaviors, overcrowding can be reduced and social interactions enhanced. This study contributes to the localization of proxemics theory and offers practical guidance for sustainable, inclusive, and context-aware urban planning in Iran, ensuring that historical public spaces meet real user needs while supporting social vitality and cultural continuity.
 

Abstract Introduction:
The conservation of heritage spaces, particularly in historical urban contexts, is a central challenge for contemporary urban governance and cultural sustainability. Such spaces embody not only architectural and aesthetic values but also the collective memory and social identity of communities. The historic bazaar of Tabriz, inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage Site, exemplifies a living cultural organism in which economic, social, and cultural functions are intricately intertwined. Within this dynamic environment, social interactions, networks of trust, and shared norms play a critical role in maintaining both the tangible and intangible dimensions of heritage continuity.
While the concept of social capital has been widely discussed in urban sociology and cultural heritage studies, its classical forms—defined by stable networks and long-term trust—do not fully account for the transient and flexible relations that characterize complex urban markets. In this regard, this research introduces the novel theoretical concept of Fluid Social Capital (FSC), which captures the adaptable, temporary, and situational social relations that emerge in dynamic heritage spaces. Unlike conventional social capital that relies on durable relationships, FSC operates through flexible alliances, short-term collaborations, and spontaneous interactions that respond to contextual shifts in urban life.
The study focuses on the historic bazaar of Tabriz as an ideal empirical case to examine how fluid social capital functions within heritage environments, shaping collective behaviors and supporting heritage conservation through evolving social networks. The central research question guiding this study is:
“To what extent can fluid social capital influence and enhance the conservation and revitalization of historic urban bazaars, particularly the Tabriz Bazaar?”
This research thus aims to conceptualize, operationalize, and empirically test the notion of fluid social capital in relation to heritage protection, providing a theoretical and practical framework for policymakers, cultural managers, and urban planners involved in heritage-led urban regeneration.
Theoretical Framework:
The foundation of this study lies in the reinterpretation of classical social capital theories within the context of heritage conservation. According to Bourdieu, social capital represents the aggregate of actual or potential resources linked to durable networks of mutual recognition and institutionalized relationships. Coleman emphasized its role as a facilitator of collective action through norms of reciprocity and trust, while Putnam highlighted its contribution to civic engagement and democratic governance.
However, in heritage spaces such as the Tabriz Bazaar—where actors continuously shift, interactions are fluid, and the balance between tradition and modernity is constantly negotiated—these classical definitions prove inadequate. Fluid social capital expands the conceptual boundaries by accounting for temporary, situational, and adaptive relationships that generate resilience and cooperation under conditions of uncertainty.
The bazaar functions as a complex socio-spatial system where trust, cooperation, and identity are not static but continuously reconstituted. Therefore, the study proposes that FSC operates through three main dimensions:
-Network Flexibility – the ability of social networks to reorganize and adapt to changing economic or cultural conditions;
-Temporary and Multi-Actor Interactions – short-term collaborations that bridge different stakeholders such as merchants, municipal actors, and heritage institutions;
-Cultural Reproduction and Social Cohesion – the ongoing reinforcement of
shared norms, values, and traditions that sustain collective identity.
These dimensions collectively contribute to the resilience of heritage spaces, enabling them to respond to economic pressures, social change, and modernization challenges without losing their historical essence. The theoretical framework thus integrates the idea of social fluidity into heritage governance, presenting FSC as both an analytical lens and a practical tool for adaptive management of urban heritage.
Methodology:
This study adopts an integrated mixed-method approach (qualitative–quantitative) to capture both the depth and breadth of social dynamics within the Tabriz Bazaar.
Qualitative Phase
The qualitative phase involved semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions with 10 key experts in architecture, urban planning, and cultural heritage management, as well as representatives of local communities and bazaar stakeholders. Data were coded and analyzed using MAXQDA software using a thematic analysis approach. The aim was to identify and categorize emergent themes related to the formation and operation of fluid social capital within heritage spaces.
The analysis revealed that “network flexibility” and “temporary cooperation” appeared most frequently in interview codes, indicating their central role in the dynamics of the bazaar’s social system. These findings provided the empirical basis for constructing the quantitative instrument.
Quantitative Phase
Based on the qualitative results, a structured questionnaire was designed using a five-point Likert scale to measure perceptions and experiences of FSC components among 150 participants, including merchants, cultural actors, and heritage managers in the bazaar. The questionnaire's reliability was assessed using Cronbach’s Alpha (α = 0.89), indicating high internal consistency. Data were analyzed through Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to examine the relationships between FSC components and heritage conservation outcomes.
The structural model included three independent latent variables (network flexibility, temporary interaction, and cultural reproduction) and one dependent latent variable (heritage conservation). The SEM results demonstrated a high level of model fit (CFI = 0.96, RMSEA = 0.045), indicating strong relationships among the constructs.
Results and Discussion:
Findings indicate that network flexibility is the most influential component, enabling adaptive collaborations and coordination. Temporary multi-stakeholder interactions support conflict resolution and joint decision-making, while cultural reproduction maintains social cohesion. SEM analysis confirmed the positive and significant impact of all components on heritage conservation (p < 0.05), illustrating how fluid social capital integrates traditional practices with modern urban demands to enhance resilience and sustainability. The results further reveal that stakeholders with higher participation in flexible networks demonstrated stronger commitment to heritage protection and collaborative management. This underscores the value of dynamic social relations in facilitating participatory governance and long-term heritage vitality.
Conclusion:
Fluid social capital offers a novel lens for heritage management, highlighting dynamic, adaptive networks that foster trust, collaboration, and resilience. In the Tabriz Historical Bazaar, this approach facilitates sustainable preservation while accommodating contemporary pressures, providing a practical model for heritage conservation in historic urban contexts globally. The study concludes that incorporating fluid social capital into urban policy frameworks can bridge the gap between institutional strategies and community-based practices, fostering inclusive governance and sustainable cultural continuity.
 

Abstract Introduction
Since the final decades of the twentieth century, a growing critique of car-dominated transportation systems has led to an epistemological shift in the humanities and social sciences, widely referred to as the mobility turn. Also known as the new mobilities paradigm, this theoretical reorientation challenges the static, functionalist understandings that have traditionally shaped urban mobility research. Instead, it emphasizes the dynamic, relational, and meaning-laden dimensions of mobility. Urban mobility is understood not merely as the act of transporting people from one location to another, but as a socio-cultural, political, and affective meaningful practice deeply embedded in individuals' lived experiences.
Against this backdrop, the present study critically reviews the existing literature on urban cycling lived experiences from a phenomenological perspective. It aims to synthesize fragmented research, reveal conceptual gaps, and propose a unified research agenda for future inquiry. The central proposition is that urban cycling should not be examined solely through functionalist or positivist lenses—as is often the case in conventional transport studies—but as a complex, embodied, and socially situated phenomenon that can be better understood through phenomenological inquiry into lived experience.
Methodology
To establish a robust conceptual foundation, the paper introduces Van Manen’s lifeworld existentials—lived space, lived body, lived time, and lived human relations—as an integrated framework for understanding lived experiences of urban cycling. Drawing on a comprehensive literature review, the paper argues that current research lacks a coherent conceptual model capable of accounting for the multidimensional, situated nature of cycling practice as a lived experience. While various studies engage with aspects of cycling experiences, they tend to selectively draw on disparate sociological or anthropological theories without offering a unified framework that can be generalized across contexts.
Through this lifeworld-based conceptual lens, the study rearticulates key research questions that examine how cyclists experience and interpret space, navigate social interactions, embody mobility, and make sense of temporality as they move through urban landscapes. These questions are designed to uncover the nuanced interplay between urban form, bodily engagement, emotional responses, and socio-cultural norms that shape the experience of urban cycling. In doing so, the paper foregrounds a view of cyclists not merely as users of infrastructure but as active agents whose movements and perceptions are co-constituted by their embodied presence in place.
Methodologically, the paper emphasizes the importance of adopting qualitative, immersive research strategies that are attuned to the experiential, affective, and sensory dimensions of mobility. In particular, it advocates integrating methods such as ethnography, autoethnography, photo-elicitation, narrative inquiry, and mobile interviews, which enable researchers to explore how meaning is constructed through embodied practice. The paper also highlights the value of innovative and participatory approaches, such as video analysis, mapping exercises, and creative storytelling, in capturing the tacit, subjective, and multilayered realities of urban cycling.
Conclusion
The review is based on an analysis of studies selected from major academic databases, all of which focus on the lived experiences of urban cycling from a phenomenological standpoint. Each study analyzes the lifeworld dimensions, revealing patterns in how space, body, time, and social relations influence cyclists’ experiences. Findings suggest that different urban contexts and social backgrounds significantly shape how cyclists perceive and negotiate these dimensions.
In conclusion, this study underscores the need for a paradigm shift in urban mobility research. Rather than focusing on normative prescriptions or purely functional concerns, researchers must engage with the experiential realities of mobility and the situated meanings that arise through embodied practice. The lifeworld framework offers a promising pathway to explore the holistic, intersubjective, and embodied aspects of urban cycling. It allows for a richer, more empathetic understanding of how people move through and make sense of urban environments on two wheels.
The proposed research agenda outlines both theoretical and methodological imperatives for future studies in this field. This research calls for deeper engagement with interpretivist epistemologies, cross-contextual and comparative studies, and greater attention to the material, social, cultural, affective, and emotional intricacies of cycling practice as a way of urban life. By centering the lived experiences of cyclists, this approach has the potential to inform more responsive, inclusive, and human-centered policies and designs in urban planning and mobility policy, ultimately contributing to the creation of more sustainable and equitable urban mobility.

Abstract  
Introduction
Background and Problem Statement: The concepts of sense of place and attachment to place are two main pillars of research on the emotional connection of humans to the physical and social environment and are of fundamental importance in fields such as environmental psychology and urban planning. However, in the research literature, a conceptual ambiguity and extensive semantic overlap between these two key terms are observed, such that many empirical studies use these concepts synonymously and provide no precise explanation of the theoretical and methodological boundaries. This scientific confusion has not only prevented the development of accurate theoretical models but also challenged the methodological accuracy in the selection of measurement tools and the accumulation of knowledge.
Research Objective: The main objective of this research is to develop a clear analytical framework through a systematic review to identify the differences, similarities, and trends in these two key concepts and, by removing existing ambiguity, enhance the strength and accuracy of the theoretical foundations of future research.
Theoretical Framework
This research is situated within the theoretical frameworks of environmental psychology and humanistic geography, which emphasize the interaction and triadic nexus among the individual, mental processes (emotions and meaning), and the physical environment. Ontologically, “sense of place” is rooted in phenomenological and subjective perspectives that focus on individual and collective meaning-making of the environment. In contrast, “place attachment” is often shaped by affective-identity theories and emphasizes the behavioral, emotional, and more observable dimensions of this nexus. The theoretical framework of this study focuses on a comparative analysis of four key dimensions to explore in depth the distinctions: 1. nature and definition (subjective versus objective), 2. constitutive components (such as identity and affiliation), 3. measurability (direct and global measurement), and 4. temporal dimension of formation (short-term versus long-term).
Methodology
Research approach: This study adopted a domain review approach to comprehensively and structurally map existing knowledge and highlight key distinctions. This method ensures the validity and transparency of the review process by following the PRISMA standards.
Collection and analysis process: An initial search using Web Viewer and Publish or Parish software in Google Scholar led to the identification of approximately 500 relevant articles. After a screening phase based on title and abstract, and an assessment of article quality, 36 articles that directly compared and conceptually distinguished these two constructs were selected for in-depth qualitative content analysis. This process enabled an objective synthesis of knowledge and the mapping of research trends.
Discussion and Findings
A content analysis of the 36 selected articles revealed significant substantive differences in the four dimensions of the theoretical framework:
Differences in nature and definition:
Sense of place is an abstract, phenomenological, multidimensional, and subjective construct that, due to its qualitative nature, lacks a universal definition and a direct, unified measurement tool. Sense of place is often presented as a prerequisite or context for attachment.
Place attachment is more objective, tangible, and positive. This construct has relatively more consistent definitions and has specific, measurable dimensions (such as place identity and place attachment).
Measurability and research trends:
Due to its more precise definition and higher measurability through standardized instruments (such as attachment scales), place attachment has become more popular in empirical research. Research trends indicate that since 2016, scientific attention to place attachment has increasingly surpassed that of person attachment.
Temporal dimension:
“Sense of place” can be formed more quickly and immediately upon exposure, but “place attachment” is an emotional bond that often develops in a deeper and longer process and requires a history of interaction with the place.
Conclusion
Structured review and implications: The results of this systematic review emphasize the need for careful and distinct use of the terms “sense of place” and “place attachment” in future research. Their fundamental distinctions in terms of nature (subjective versus objective), measurability, and temporal dimension suggest that their interchangeability can undermine the validity of findings and the power of theorizing. By clarifying this conceptual gap and providing a coherent analytical framework, this study serves as a valuable methodological guide for researchers. This framework can help to avoid contradictory results and strengthen the theoretical foundations in all future studies related to the human-place connection.

Abstract Introduction
Modern urban development and lifestyle changes have transformed social interactions, often contributing to isolation. Yet, as inherently social beings, humans naturally seek spaces that encourage communication. Third places—informal public areas like cafés, parks, and lobbies—serve as vital platforms for fostering connections, strengthening community bonds, and mitigating social detachment. These neutral, inclusive environments promote a sense of belonging through spontaneous interactions. Universities, functioning as both academic and social hubs, particularly benefit from such spaces to facilitate meaningful relationships among students. This study examines the defining features of third places at Shahroud University of Technology’s central campus, focusing on the Faculty of Architecture.
Theoretical Framework
The concept of "third places," introduced in the 1970s and popularized by Ray Oldenburg and Dennis Brissett, refers to public spaces that are neither home nor work, serving as venues for informal social interactions that enhance community bonds. Key characteristics of third places include accessibility, simple and welcoming environments, and acceptance across social classes. In university settings, these spaces foster a sense of belonging, encourage informal exchanges among students, and build vibrant student communities. Designing areas like cafés and recreational centers can significantly improve student satisfaction and retention while promoting social engagement. Social interaction plays a vital role in the learning process, as it involves reciprocal actions that are understood by both individuals, and is a focus of study in psychology and sociology. Spaces that support social interactions contribute to feelings of security, foster a sense of place, and reduce risky behaviors, thereby enriching the overall university experience. Given the growing individualism and reliance on digital communication in modern society, creating suitable environments for social interaction in universities is essential for cultivating social cohesion and encouraging student relationships.
Methodology
This qualitative study was conducted on the central campus of Shahrood University of Technology, focusing on two informal social spaces: the lobby of the Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning and the student cafeteria. These locations were chosen due to their significant role in fostering informal interactions among students. Data collection involved field observations and semi-structured interviews. Observations were conducted over six consecutive days (December 7–12, 2024), during various timeframes, to capture the spatial and social dynamics of these areas. A checklist based on Oldenburg’s criteria for third places guided the observations. Purposeful and convenient sampling was used to select 20 participants—10 from each location—based on their familiarity with the space and their ability to articulate personal experiences. Interviews were held both in person and online, each guided by six key questions. The data collection process continued until theoretical saturation was reached. Data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis, with emerging themes categorized and interpreted. Validity was ensured through detailed documentation, expert reviews, and prolonged engagement in the field. Reliability was supported through data triangulation, thematic consistency, and member checking. The findings of this study are specific to the selected sites and cannot be generalized to all third places within the university campus.
Results and Discussion
While spaces like the lobby of the Faculty of Architecture and the university cafeteria do not completely embody all characteristics of "third places," they exhibit several key features typical of such environments. These include providing a venue for casual interaction, minimizing formal power structures, and promoting a sense of social equality. These spaces are significant in students' daily lives as they facilitate social connections, foster a sense of belonging, and support psychological well-being. However, limitations such as restricted accessibility, simplistic design, and lack of aesthetic appeal prevent these areas from fully realizing their potential as third places. Interviews indicate that specific campus spaces, including the architecture faculty lobby and the cafeteria, serve purposes beyond their basic physical or service functions and can be considered examples of third places. In the lobby, activities such as social interaction, resting, and conversation are prominent, contributing to a sense of belonging. Students emphasize its social role and flexibility, suggesting that improvements in interior design, spatial layout, and the addition of services like a café could enhance the experience. At the same time, they acknowledge challenges such as overcrowding, limited facilities, and subpar design. Regarding the cafeteria, while it serves an informal social purpose, it mainly caters to interactions among established social groups and is not very effective in fostering new connections. Major obstacles to its role as a third place include crowding, inefficient design, and poor ventilation. Nonetheless, aspects like a relatively comfortable atmosphere, good lighting, and a friendly environment enhance the sense of belonging and user satisfaction. In summary, the analysis suggests that to fully unlock the potential of these spaces as third places, design interventions, improvements in environmental performance, and enhancements in the overall spatial experience are essential.
Conclusion
This study examines the characteristics of third spaces at Shahroud University and their role in enhancing social interactions among students. It is based on field observations and interviews conducted with students, focusing specifically on the lobby of the Faculty of Architecture and the university cafeteria. These areas are primarily used for informal social interactions and casual conversations. The lobby is described as a simple and accessible space that allows students to easily engage with one another, while the cafeteria serves as a venue for eating and resting, fostering a sense of belonging and promoting further informal interactions. To improve these spaces, suggestions include enhancing seating comfort, improving ventilation, and incorporating green areas. Future research could utilize quantitative methods and longitudinal studies to further explore the impact of these environments on social interactions.

Abstract The architecture of historical schools in Iran serves as a profound reflection of the country’s rich cultural, artistic, and scientific heritage, playing a pivotal role in shaping socio-cultural identity and urban character. Among these, the schools of Isfahan stand out as exemplary instances of traditional architectural design, embodying values of cultural continuity and social interaction. The concept of socio-cultural sustainability—which encompasses social justice, psychological security, environmental interaction, economic self-sufficiency, and proportional harmony—provides a critical framework for assessing these architectural achievements.
Methodology
This study conducts a comparative analysis of socio-cultural sustainability indicators in two prominent historical schools of Isfahan: the Imamieh School, built during the Ilkhanid period, and the Chaharbagh School, a masterpiece of Safavid-era architecture. By examining their architectural components and their impact on cultural sustainability, the study aims to highlight how these elements can inform contemporary educational space design while reinforcing their significance as key elements of urban identity.
Employing a qualitative and descriptive-analytical methodology, the research integrates library research, field observations, quantitative evaluations, and a structured questionnaire administered to 50 architecture experts. Key criteria for analysis include social justice, social interactions, psychological security, connection with nature, spatial proportions, and economic viability. The collected data were analyzed to determine the distinct contributions of each school to socio-cultural sustainability and urban identity.
Discussion and Result
The Imamieh School, one of the earliest examples of four-iwan schools in Islamic architecture, exhibits fundamental design elements such as symmetrical layouts and spatial arrangements conducive to education and prayer. However, it lacks the refinements observed in later architectural examples. The single entrance and limited interaction with the surrounding urban environment hinder its integration into the broader community. Additionally, the absence of gardens, a spatial hierarchy at the entrance, and a direct connection to natural elements constrain its overall socio-cultural sustainability.
In contrast, the Chaharbagh School exemplifies the architectural evolution of the Safavid era, integrating advancements in spatial planning, ecological interaction, and communal functionality. Its intricate hierarchical layouts, gardens, water features, and open courtyards foster a serene environment conducive to both learning and social interaction. Strategically positioned entrances enhance connectivity with the adjacent market and public spaces, fostering a sense of belonging and inclusivity. Moreover, shared spaces such as a mosque and communal gathering areas facilitate greater interaction between students and the broader community.
Socio-Cultural Indicators

Social Justice and Equity: The Chaharbagh School excels in promoting equity through the equal distribution of rooms and shared facilities. Its modular design ensures that all students, regardless of social status, have equal access to educational resources. Conversely, while the Imamieh School provides access to all, its smaller scale and unequal room sizes result in less emphasis on spatial justice.
Social Interaction and Community Engagement: The Chaharbagh School prioritizes social interaction by incorporating large iwans, smaller iwanche spaces, and open courtyards that encourage dialogue and collaboration. Its integration with the surrounding urban fabric, facilitated by entrances aligned with the market and public spaces, further enhances communal engagement. In contrast, the Imamieh School’s single, small entrance isolates it from its surroundings, and its design provides fewer communal spaces.
Psychological Security and Well-Being: Psychological well-being is closely tied to architectural elements that foster a sense of safety and comfort. The Chaharbagh School achieves this through its symmetrical layout, natural lighting, and hierarchical spatial organization. Features such as gardens, water elements, and well-ventilated rooms enhance the overall learning environment. The Imamieh School, while preserving basic principles of Islamic architecture, lacks hierarchical entrances and designated green spaces, limiting its contribution to psychological security.
Connection with Nature: The Chaharbagh School demonstrates a profound connection with nature through its central courtyard, gardens, and water features, including a small waterway (madi). These elements provide both aesthetic and functional benefits, fostering a tranquil setting. The Imamieh School, however, lacks significant natural features, focusing more on enclosed spaces.
Proportionality and Spatial Harmony: The Chaharbagh School exemplifies proportionality through its adherence to human-scale dimensions and geometric harmony. Its hierarchical spatial organization, transitioning from the entrance through the courtyard to the mosque, creates a clear navigational flow. This is further emphasized by the alignment of its central axes with its primary entrance. The Imamieh School, while adhering to the four-iwan model, does not achieve the same level of spatial refinement, with misaligned axes and less effective use of peripheral spaces.
Economic Self-Sufficiency: Both schools exhibit economic sustainability through the use of locally sourced materials such as brick and tile. However, the Chaharbagh School’s larger scale and integration of a dedicated library and communal amenities indicate a higher degree of self-sufficiency and adaptability to the evolving needs of its users.
 

Conclusion
The comparative findings highlight the Chaharbagh School as a superior example of socio-cultural sustainability. Its design not only adheres to the principles of Islamic architecture but also extends them through innovative features that foster community engagement, environmental harmony, and spatial proportionality. While the Imamieh School holds historical significance and serves as a foundational example of Islamic educational architecture, it falls short in achieving the same level of functionality and integration.
This study underscores the importance of revisiting and adapting historical architectural principles for contemporary educational space design. Incorporating socio-cultural sustainability indicators—such as social justice, ecological integration, and spatial harmony—can enhance the functionality and cultural relevance of modern educational environments. Additionally, the findings suggest further research into the role of traditional architectural elements in fostering sustainability, particularly in rapidly urbanizing contexts.

Abstract Extended Abstract
Introduction
The present research addresses the pivotal challenge of aligning architectural education with the inherent spatial capacities of indigenous environments. The core issue identified in this study is the lack of comprehensive frameworks within architectural curricula that integrate indigenous spatial knowledge with contemporary design mechanisms. Traditional architectural education often overlooks the nuanced interactions between local spatial capacities and human-environment relationships. This oversight results in architects who are less equipped to incorporate indigenous patterns into modern interventions, consequently diminishing the contextual integrity of architectural outputs. The research highlights the necessity to redefine the indigenous architecture course content by recognizing the environmental, cultural, and socio-spatial characteristics of various locales.
The primary objective of this study is to develop an educational framework that bridges the gap between indigenous spatial patterns and contemporary architectural practices. By doing so, the study aims to offer a pragmatic approach to reproducing indigenous architectural concepts within the context of modern design challenges. Through this endeavor, the research seeks to enhance students' capacity to perceive, analyze, and apply local spatial capacities in architectural solutions that are both sustainable and contextually responsive.
The necessity of this research stems from the increasing demand for sustainable and contextually grounded architectural practices. Environmental degradation, loss of cultural identity, and the homogenization of urban spaces have underscored the importance of place-based approaches in architectural education. Addressing these challenges requires a curriculum that fosters a deeper understanding of spatial capacities unique to each locale. The research asserts that embedding such knowledge within architectural education can significantly improve the quality of designed environments and promote cultural resilience in built forms.
Methodology
Methodologically, the study adopts a qualitative thematic analysis approach. This method is chosen due to its capability to identify and interpret patterns within qualitative data, particularly in complex and multi-dimensional subjects like architecture. The research process involves a systematic review of 60 books and 50 scholarly articles, selected from an initial pool of over 200 studies. The stages of research include data collection, coding, theme identification, and the development of a theoretical framework that connects indigenous spatial knowledge with contemporary architectural design.
The research progresses through several structured stages. The initial phase involves defining the research problem by identifying gaps in the current indigenous architecture curriculum. This is followed by sample selection from relevant literature to ensure a comprehensive understanding of the subject. Data collection is performed through a meticulous examination of textual sources, with an emphasis on identifying themes related to indigenous spatial patterns and their contemporary applications.
The next stage involves converting data into textual formats for coding and analysis. Familiarization with the collected data allows for the initial identification of key themes and concepts. The coding process is conducted based on theoretical principles, focusing on core elements relevant to the research's hypothesis. Descriptive coding further refines the data by categorizing it based on specific attributes linked to the themes of indigenous architecture.
Subsequently, the study searches for themes that encapsulate broader patterns observed in the data. These themes are reviewed and refined to ensure their relevance and coherence with the research objectives. Key thematic areas identified include spatial capacities, indigenous environmental interactions, and the cultural implications of architectural practices. The refinement process leads to the naming and defining of core themes that align with the educational goals of the indigenous architecture course.
Result and discussion
Achieving theoretical saturation is crucial to ensuring that all relevant dimensions of the research problem are comprehensively covered. The study revisits earlier phases to validate the robustness of the identified themes and their interconnections. Data analysis involves creating a thematic network that visually represents the relationships between themes and sub-themes. This network facilitates a holistic understanding of indigenous spatial knowledge and its pedagogical integration.
Further analysis involves synthesizing the thematic findings into a cohesive curriculum framework for the indigenous architecture course. This framework comprises 16 thematic combinations that align behavioral objectives with identified spatial capacities. The curriculum design includes detailed lesson plans, covering time allocations, lesson topics, key content, teaching methods, and contextual materials for each of the 16 sessions.
The study's key findings reveal that indigenous spatial patterns hold significant potential for enhancing architectural education. Themes such as environmental sustainability, cultural identity, and spatial adaptability emerge as central concepts that can enrich the indigenous architecture curriculum. The research demonstrates that incorporating indigenous knowledge into architectural education can foster more sustainable and culturally resonant design practices.
Conclusion
The final conclusion emphasizes the importance of integrating indigenous spatial knowledge into architectural curricula to address contemporary design challenges. The proposed curriculum framework can serve as a model for other architectural courses, promoting a holistic and context-sensitive approach to architectural education. By acknowledging and utilizing indigenous spatial capacities, the study advocates for a paradigm shift in architectural pedagogy, aligning theoretical knowledge with practical design applications.
The practical implications of this research extend beyond academic settings. By fostering a deeper understanding of local spatial capacities, future architects can create designs that are more attuned to environmental and cultural contexts. This approach not only enhances the sustainability of built environments but also strengthens the cultural continuity of architectural practices. The study underscores the need for continuous adaptation and evolution of architectural curricula to reflect the dynamic interplay between place, culture, and design.

Abstract Extended Abstract
Introduction
In today's world, where children grow up mostly in closed spaces and urban environments, intelligently designing play and educational spaces that provide opportunities for sensory experiences, discovery, and interaction with the environment plays a key role in the flourishing of children's creativity and cognitive development. The present study aims to compare how children experience space and interact with the environment in two modes: natural/open and constructed/closed, and to identify spatial characteristics that are effective in the emergence and development of children's creativity.
Methodology
 This research is of an applied type, and in terms of its implementation method, it has a descriptive-comparative design seeking to identify the role of the environment in the emergence of creativity in preschool children and to provide principles for designing appropriate spaces for this age group. In this study, five components of creative thinking, including "fluidity", "initiative", "flexibility", "expansion", and "total creativity", were assessed using the Torrance Standard Test (TTCT). The statistical population of this study consisted of preschool children living in Region 2 of Maragheh County. From this population, two sample groups were selected, which were active in open and closed environments, respectively. Sampling was carried out purposively and based on specific criteria (such as age, educational level, and type of activity environment) to allow for effective comparison between the two groups.

This research is derived from the master's thesis of architecture titled "Designing a children's ecological garden with the approach of promoting creativity in the city of Maragheh" and was carried out under the guidance of Dr. Azita Bilali Eskoui at Tabriz University of Islamic Arts.

Result and discussion
 The findings of the present study showed that direct interaction with the natural environment plays a significant role in strengthening and developing children's creativity; so that children who were active in an open and natural space showed a substantial increase in the components of creative thinking (fluency, originality, flexibility, expansion, and overall creativity) compared to the group who were active in a traditional kindergarten environment. In this study, the effect of space type on creativity components was examined separately; the results showed that the "innovation" component in open space and the "flexibility" component in closed space had the most significant growth, which indicates the different effects of environments on various dimensions of creative thinking.
Conclusion
The results of this research showed that the type of learning environment has a significant effect on the different components of preschool children's creativity. The findings indicated that the children who worked in the natural open environment (Economic Garden) had a significant improvement in all components of creativity, especially in the "initiative" component. This clearly shows that spaces rich in natural stimuli, freedom of interaction, sensory diversity, and direct experience opportunities provide a suitable platform for the growth of innovation power, generation of innovative ideas, and strengthening of creative thinking in children. On the other hand, the group that worked in the closed environment of the kindergarten, although their overall creativity growth was more limited, showed the most significant increase in the "flexibility" component. This issue can indicate that closed environments, by providing specific frameworks and mental order, can help to develop the ability to change the thought path, adapt to the rules, and practice cognitive displacement. In sum, the findings of this research showed that both types of environment (open or closed) with their unique characteristics can act as an effective stimulus in the development of specific dimensions of creativity. Therefore, the purposeful and balanced combination of open and closed space, according to their different effects on the components of creativity, can be the basis for the all-round growth of creativity in children and provide a favorable platform for the formation of flexible, innovative, and problem-oriented minds in the future generation.
 

Abstract Abstract
This research examines the relationship between the spatial configuration of architecture and the socio-religious rituals of the Elamites at the Chogha Zanbil site. By studying historical and archaeological evidence, particularly the Chogha Zanbil ziggurat and its surrounding spaces, this study seeks to reveal how the beliefs and convictions of the Elamites influenced the design and construction of this vast religious complex. The main research questions include:
 1- What rituals did the Elamite people participate in upon entering the precinct of the Chogha Zanbil ziggurat?
2- What similarities and differences existed between the architectural spaces designed for the performance of religious rituals by courtiers and common people?
 3- How are the Elamites' beliefs about the afterlife reflected in the design of the tomb spaces at Chogha Zanbil, based on their architecture?
The research method is descriptive-analytical, and the data were collected through documentary-library studies and field studies of the remaining of the ziggurat. The findings of the research show that the spatial configuration of Chogha Zanbil, including the courtyards, gates, access routes, and temples, was directly related to the rituals and religious ceremonies of the Elamites. Furthermore, differences can be observed in the spaces allocated to courtiers and ordinary people, which indicates social and class distinctions in the performance of religious rituals. In addition, the architecture of the underground tombs of Chogha Zanbil depicts the Elamites' belief in life after death and the needs of the dead in the afterlife.
1. Introduction
The ancient site of Chogha Zanbil is a magnificent legacy of the Elamite civilization, built around 1250 BC by order of Untash-Gal, the Elamite king. This complex includes a ziggurat, temples, palaces, and underground tombs, all of which were designed and built with special care and elegance. The purpose of constructing this complex was to create a space for performing religious rituals and honoring the Elamite gods.
2. Background of the Research
Numerous studies have been conducted in the field of architecture and archeology of Chogha Zanbil, but fewer studies have examined the relationship between spatial configuration and religious rituals of the Elamites. In this research, an attempt has been made to achieve a better understanding of how the beliefs and convictions of the Elamites influenced the architecture of this complex by carefully examining the various spaces of Chogha Zanbil and analyzing texts and archaeological evidence.
3. Research Methodology
This research was conducted in a descriptive-analytical method. The required information was collected through library studies and field studies of the Chogha Zanbil site. In the library studies section, historical and archaeological sources related to the Elamite civilization and the Chogha Zanbil site were studied. In the field study section, the آثار remaining from the ziggurat, temples, palaces, and underground tombs were examined and analyzed.
4. Findings and Discussion
The research findings show that the spatial configuration of Chogha Zanbil, including the courtyards, gates, access routes, and temples, was directly related to the rituals and religious ceremonies of the Elamites. For example, the vast courtyards around the ziggurat were designed to hold processions and gatherings of pilgrims. The large and magnificent gates were a symbol of the power and greatness of the Elamite kingdom, as well as a way to enter the sacred space of the ziggurat.
The specific access routes guided the pilgrims towards the temples and special spaces.
Also, in the architecture of Chogha Zanbil, differences can be observed in the spaces allocated to the courtiers and ordinary people. For example, the royal gate and some special temples were probably intended for the use of courtiers and high-ranking officials, while ordinary people used other gates and more public spaces to perform religious rituals.
In addition, the architecture of the underground tombs of Chogha Zanbil depicts the Elamites' belief in life after death and the needs of the dead in the afterlife. The existence of water channels next to the tombs indicates the importance of water in the Elamites' beliefs, and probably for the purification of the dead or the performance of special ceremonies. Placing objects such as clay pots, water, and food in the tombs shows that the Elamites believed that the dead would need these items in the afterlife.
5. Conclusion
In general, the present research shows that the spatial configuration of the architecture of Chogha Zanbil was a reflection of the beliefs, convictions, and socio-religious rituals of the Elamites. The careful and intelligent design of this vast religious complex was such that it facilitated the performance of religious rituals and enhanced the spiritual experience of the pilgrims. Also, the differences in the spaces allocated to different strata of society indicate the existence of social and class distinctions in the performance of religious rituals in the Elamite civilization.

Abstract Introduction
Global transformations in the realms of architecture and urban planning, along with rapid urbanization and heightened public awareness of environmental and social challenges, have created a fertile ground for the present research. This study focuses on the critical shift from mere physical development to place-making within architecture and urban design. Such a transformation necessitates the application of innovative green project management methods, which, through capacity assessment and prioritization, enable the creation of nature-friendly spaces. The central question of this research examines how to enhance constructed environments into place-centered, nature-compatible spaces. To this end, the analysis of environmental, social, and economic dimensions forms the foundational core of the study.
Theoretical framework
This research aims to develop a theoretical and practical framework for designing sustainable interventions in architecture and urban planning. The primary question addresses how green project management methods can be effectively designed and implemented to simultaneously reduce negative environmental impacts and strengthen place attachment and environmental justice. Considering the increasing importance of reducing pollution, conserving natural resources, and improving urban life quality, addressing this subject is of paramount significance.
The necessity of this research can be analyzed from two perspectives. First, the need for standardized tools for sustainable environmental interventions amid the growing prevalence of algorithms, guidelines, and protocols in architectural and urban design practices. Second, the urgency of creating convergence between theories and practices related to green management and place-making to address environmental, social, and economic challenges effectively. Gaps in existing literature, such as the lack of interdisciplinary and operational frameworks, serve as motivating factors for this study.
Methodology
The methodology employed in this research is a qualitative meta-synthesis approach centered on theory development. Data were extracted from an analysis of 60 books and 50 articles, with the research process encompassing design, sampling, data collection, analysis, and theoretical development. The phases of this process emphasized identifying key factors and achieving theoretical saturation in the domains of green project management and place-making. Data analysis utilized techniques such as initial and descriptive coding, thematic network mapping, and discourse analysis. The development of analysis further involved inferential convergence and coherence among concepts.
Result and discussion
In the design phase, the problem was precisely defined, and its dimensions were thoroughly articulated. Subsequently, relevant data were collected from library sources based on the defined research samples and target population. Data coding employed elements derived from theoretical foundations, including core concepts, metaphors, expressions, and ideas. During data analysis, the network of intermediary variables was mapped to elucidate semantic alignment and conceptual consistency. Validation, clarity, and appropriateness analyses were conducted to align these variables with the environmental, social, and economic conditions of each region.
Findings indicate that nature-friendly place-making requires integrating green management practices with place-making principles. Twenty place-making and nine green management practices were identified and analyzed. Results revealed that the utilization of green technologies, ecological design, and attention to social and psychological dimensions significantly enhance life quality and environmental sustainability. Moreover, environmental justice and place attachment emerged as pivotal mediating concepts in the success of this process. Aligning these practices with spatial and locational characteristics facilitates context-sensitive decision-making and fosters improved human-nature relationships.
Through the examination of preconceptions and misconceptions in prior literature, this research identified conceptual, methodological, and thematic gaps and endeavored to address these through the proposal of a comprehensive theoretical framework. For instance, adapting green project management methods to local needs and socio-cultural attributes offers a strategy to enhance the effectiveness of architectural and urban interventions. In this regard, the typological analysis of 20 place-making practices and nine green management practices highlighted the potential of standardized tools to adapt these practices to local conditions.
Conclusion
The research also underscores the critical role of key analytical components. Concepts such as vocabulary, categories, and metaphors were instrumental in constructing semantic units related to place-making and green management. These elements provided a solid foundation for establishing a relational network among intermediary variables, including place attachment, environmental justice, and quality of life. Analyses of clarity and discursive translation contributed to a more precise and transparent understanding of these concepts, resulting in the synthesis and integration of data.
Ultimately, this research demonstrated that combining green management with place-making can simultaneously result in spaces that address environmental needs while enhancing social relations and place attachment. The findings serve as a foundation for location-based decision-making and the design of sustainable environmental interventions. Additionally, standardized tools offer a pathway for enhancing environmental quality in architectural and urban planning projects. This theoretical framework provides an opportunity to redefine green design principles and introduce an innovative approach to sustainable development, paving the way for future research in this domain.
By emphasizing the identification and typological analysis of place-making and green management practices, this research has effectively integrated various strategies. This integration has significantly contributed to practical and effective decision-making in the design of sustainable spaces, enabling the application of these findings in architectural and urban planning projects across diverse scales. Consequently, the present study is a pivotal contribution to green project management and sustainable place-making, promoting enhanced environmental quality, pollution reduction, and improved urban life quality.

Abstract The researches carried out in the relics of the history of architecture and urban planning of Iran in the field of architectural studies and urban planning have been more closely related to the body of these relics. In the meantime, social factors, cultural, religious and customary structures and the opinion of the master craftsman, architect or even the king and the courtiers have been neglected in the form of regulations, despite their undeniable effect. It seems that Iran's architecture has principles based on which architects have acted in relation to durability and long useful life of buildings. The creation of desirable and high-quality architectural works that have the capacity to last and adapt to life and the passage of time has been happening in Iran for a long time. This article seeks to answer the question of whether the regulations related to architecture during the Qajar era until the constitution were involved in increasing the lifespan and quality of the  relics, or did they take steps to reduce it? This study has been carried out in the context of a part of history, from the time of the rule of the Qajar kings to the emergence of constitutionalism. In this era, with the emergence of the first forms of urban organization, regulations play a more prominent role than in the past. In this article, the data collected and analyzed systematically during the research process have been used. Based on this method, first open coding is done up to the stage of theoretical saturation, and then classification and analysis of the codes is done up to the stage of selective codes. The purpose of compiling this article is to first read the documents belonging to the mentioned period and extract the existing regulations at that time and then measure its effect on increasing or decreasing the useful life of architectural  relics. Therefore, firstly, the regulations related to architectural constructions or urban spaces from the Qajar era to the Constitution have been summarized and then the relationship between these factors and the useful life of the building has been investigated. According to the nature of the Qajar period and the emergence of factors that reduced the lifespan and quality of architecture, the classification has been separated into two general categories: increase and decrease in durability.

Abstract In recent years, social capital has become one of the most popular concepts in the field of social theories. Today, the role of social capital is much more important than physical and human capital in organizations and societies. Without social capital, it becomes difficult to follow development paths. Considering the importance of this issue and the contradictory reports of the social capital situation in Sabzeh Maidan neighborhood of Isfahan city, the present research was conducted with the aim of measuring the level of social capital in this neighborhood. The sample size in this research is 285 residents of Sabze Meidan of Isfahan city, who were selected by simple random sampling. The research method was descriptive and analytical, and the data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. Data analysis was done using SPSS software. The findings of this research indicate that the level of social capital in the studied area is not in a desirable condition. Among the components of trust, cohesion, and participation, the component of participation was assessed to be in a relatively desirable condition.

Abstract The relationship between what the city receives from the environment and what the environmental geography transforms into an urban environment in terms of its internal capacity (urban settlement) and its functional roles (urban habitation) leads to the formation of the desirable "spatial capacities" index. The purpose of this research is to identify and conceptually establish the factors that make up the urban headquarters from the point of view of the capacities of the urban place. Achieving this goal by using the analytical-adaptive method to compare the existing schools has been to develop a theory to recognize the concept of urban headquarters. The findings of this research show that the constituent components of urban headquarters can be identified in three categories: static, active, and functional, and in all stages of the urban life cycle, they lead to the definition of the environmental and geographical capacities of cities in the form of the concept of urban headquarters. Recognizing and expanding the idea of the constituent components of an urban center with an emphasis on its conceptual separation from other concepts similar to urban planning, as well as a focus on the coordination between different dimensions of the city location, are the most critical points of this research. Human interventions in the environmental capacities of cities cause a difference in the capacities of the existing urban headquarters, with available capacities, and change the components of the urban headquarters. Because urban capacities, more than any factor of urban and social geography, are related to existential capacities and environmental realities. As a result, for the spatial stability of cities, it is necessary to organize the components of the city center.