Journal of Urban Studies on Space and Place

Abstract Neighborhood-level unsustainability is a pervasive challenge in contemporary cities. Contemporary neighborhoods frequently lack the social, spatial, and institutional conditions necessary to function as resilient communities; where such conditions persist, they are often weakened by inappropriate spatial transformations. Indigenous knowledge in Iran contains conceptual resources for understanding and addressing these processes, but these resources have been partially neglected and require reinterpretation to align with modern urban contexts. This study develops a conceptual framework to clarify sustainability concepts and to define normative criteria and measurable indicators for assessing neighborhood sustainability in Isfahan. First, the study identifies core sustainability dimensions across social, economic, and environmental domains. Next, it operationalizes these dimensions by specifying indicators and metrics designed to move assessment toward a continuous, adaptive process. Employing a qualitative methodology grounded in analytical field ethnography and an interpretive approach, data were collected through participatory observation, non-intrusive photographic and video documentation, unstructured interviews, and field notes; data analysis followed systematic content-analysis procedures. Findings indicate that the extracted indicators exhibit substantial desirability within the Sangtarashha neighborhood center. Based on these results, the study proposes targeted interventions to enhance the neighborhood’s long-term sustainability. The proposed framework aims to be transferable to similar urban contexts and to inform policy and community-led initiatives.
Neighborhood instability constitutes a central and escalating problem in urban environments, yet scholarly and practical frameworks that integrate local knowledge with contemporary sustainability assessment tools remain limited—especially in the Iranian context. This research aims to fill that gap by developing a robust framework that synthesizes theoretical and empirical perspectives on sustainability and produces actionable norms and indicators for neighborhood-level assessment and intervention.
Keywords: Neighborhood sustainability; community formation; indigenous knowledge; Sangtarashha; Isfahan
Extended Abstract:
Background and Aim:
Neighborhood instability constitutes a central and escalating problem in urban environments, yet scholarly and practical frameworks that integrate local knowledge with contemporary sustainability assessment tools remain limited—especially in the Iranian context. This research aims to fill that gap by developing a robust framework that synthesizes theoretical and empirical perspectives on sustainability and produces actionable norms and indicators for neighborhood-level assessment and intervention.
Conceptual Framework:
The research adopts a tripartite conceptualization of sustainability—social, economic, and environmental—each operationalized through specific subdimensions. Social sustainability encompasses social cohesion, civic participation, place attachment, and cultural continuity. Economic sustainability includes local economic vitality, livelihood diversity, informal and formal economic opportunities, and resident economic resilience. Environmental sustainability covers the quality and accessibility of public space, ecological management, service provision, and adaptive infrastructural practices. The framework emphasizes iterative assessment: indicators are selected both for diagnostic clarity and for their capacity to inform ongoing, adaptive planning and community action.
Methodology:
A qualitative, analytical ethnographic approach was employed with an interpretive orientation. Primary data collection methods included:
• Participatory observation to capture everyday social interactions and spatial practices;
• Non-intrusive photographic and video documentation to record physical conditions and land-use patterns;
• Unstructured interviews with residents, local leaders, and stakeholders to elicit emic perspectives; and
• Detailed field notes for contextualization.
• Collected data were subjected to thematic content analysis, employing systematic coding procedures to identify patterns, strengths, vulnerabilities, and potential leverage points for intervention.
Findings:
Analysis revealed that the indicators derived from the framework corresponded strongly with residents’ perceptions and observable conditions in Sangtarashha. In particular, socio-cultural assets—such as localized networks of reciprocity, place-based identities, and informal institutions—emerged as prominent strengths that could be leveraged to support broader sustainability objectives. Economic indicators highlighted both opportunities (small-scale commerce, adaptive livelihoods) and constraints (limited access to formal employment and capital). Environmental indicators showed mixed outcomes: while some public spaces exhibited strong use-value and social importance, infrastructural and ecological deficits limited their full sustainability potential.
Conclusions and Recommendations:
The study concludes that combining indigenous knowledge with a structured, indicator-based framework provides a viable approach for diagnosing neighborhood sustainability and designing context-sensitive interventions. Recommendations include:
• Strengthening local institutions and community networks to harness social capital for collective action;
• Supporting microenterprises and local economic diversification through targeted financial and capacity-building programs;
• Implementing incremental, low-cost environmental interventions to improve public-space quality, water management, and service delivery; and
• Establishing participatory monitoring mechanisms that use the proposed indicators to guide iterative planning.
Implications and Future Research:
This framework contributes a practical tool for urban practitioners and planners seeking to integrate cultural-contextual knowledge into sustainability assessment. Future research should operationalize the indicators quantitatively, validate the framework across diverse neighborhoods, and pilot intervention packages with longitudinal evaluation to measure impacts over time.

Abstract Extended Abstract

Introduction

In today’s world, cities have transformed into complex and dynamic environments that significantly affect people’s daily lives. Uncontrolled urban development, population growth, climate change, and depletion of natural resources are among the factors that have posed serious challenges to urban quality of life. One of the most critical challenges is air pollution, which has become a global issue, threatening the physical and mental health of citizens. Amol, as one of the key cities in Mazandaran Province, faces challenges such as air pollution, a lack of green spaces, and insufficient attention to human dimensions in urban design.

The reduction of green spaces due to uncontrolled construction and the lack of sustainable design principles has deprived residents of access to relaxing and recreational areas. This situation not only negatively impacts the physical and mental health of citizens but also reduces social interactions, increases feelings of loneliness and loss of identity among residents, and ultimately leads to increased public dissatisfaction.

Given Amol’s unique natural and cultural characteristics, the integration of nature into urban architectural design as a strategy for improving quality of life is more essential than ever. Green spaces and natural elements, in addition to enhancing the aesthetic appeal of urban environments, can help reduce pollution, alleviate stress, foster social interactions, strengthen the sense of belonging, and preserve the cultural and natural identity of the city. Accordingly, this study aims to identify effective strategies for integrating nature into modern architectural design to improve the quality of urban life in Amol.

Research Methodology

This study, which investigates the impact of nature integration into urban architectural design on the quality of life of Amol residents, employs a descriptive-analytical and quantitative methodology. The primary tool for data collection is structured questionnaires, comprising 42 objective and subjective indicators across social, economic, environmental, and physical dimensions. The indicators were selected based on literature review, fundamental theories, and analysis of residents’ needs to provide precise and comprehensive information about the factors influencing quality of life.

The collected data was analyzed using SPSS software. Quantitative data was examined through descriptive and inferential statistical methods, including mean, standard deviation, correlation analysis, and regression analysis. These methods helped identify relationships between quality of life indicators and the influencing factors, with results presented in both quantitative and qualitative formats.

Simple random sampling was used, and the sample size was determined to be 385 questionnaires based on Cochran’s formula. The questionnaires were randomly distributed among residents of various areas in Amol to ensure representation of real opinions and experiences. Prior to final distribution, the reliability and validity of the tool were evaluated using Cronbach’s alpha test, which yielded acceptable reliability results with a Cronbach’s alpha above 0.7.

Findings

The findings indicate that Amol residents are highly satisfied with certain quality-of-life indicators such as social participation and a sense of security. Specifically, the security and safety indicator, with a mean score of 3.8, ranked the highest, reflecting residents’ relative sense of security. Designing well-lit and safe public spaces can enhance this feeling and lead to a reduction in crime rates within the community. The social participation indicator, with a mean score of 3.6, ranked second, underscoring the importance of social interactions in improving quality of life. These interactions can be fostered through social and cultural events held in public spaces.

However, the environmental quality indicator, with a mean score of 3.2, received the lowest ranking, highlighting the urgent need for improved environmental infrastructure and expanded green spaces in Amol. Air pollution and the reduction of green spaces are among the major issues faced by residents. Modern architectural design must focus on preserving and creating green spaces while reducing environmental pollution to improve environmental quality and provide a healthier living environment.

Regression analysis revealed that access to public services, with a coefficient of 0.45, has the strongest impact on quality of life. This indicator, which includes access to healthcare, education, and public transportation services, was identified as a key factor in improving quality of life. Moreover, security and safety (coefficient 0.30), environmental quality (coefficient 0.25), and social participation (coefficient 0.20) also significantly influence quality of life.

Conclusion

The findings of this study demonstrate that integrating nature into urban architectural design can have significant impacts on residents’ quality of life. Improving environmental quality through the creation and maintenance of green spaces and the reduction of air pollution is identified as a top priority. Additionally, designing public spaces that promote social interactions can strengthen the sense of belonging to the environment and enhance overall quality of life.

This study also emphasizes that urban planners must simultaneously address social, economic, and environmental dimensions to make effective decisions for sustainable development and improving quality of life. The results of this research can serve as a resource for identifying challenges and opportunities and providing practical solutions to improve urban living conditions in Amol. Sustainable urban design that incorporates nature not only enhances quality of life but also preserves the cultural and natural identity of the city, contributing to long-term development.

Abstract Introduction
The contextual basis of this research is the conceptual gap within architectural and urban planning studies regarding the understanding of the reciprocal relationships among key components of the collective mindset in place. In the contemporary fast-paced world, the formation of this mindset, which directly impacts place memorability and place attachment, has become a primary concern. The present problem arises from the frequent neglect of a coherent theoretical framework capable of comprehensively explaining the dynamics among these three key constructs. This mindset is not merely a product of physical interactions but rather a complex outcome of social, historical, and psychological processes. The research problem focuses on this deficit in understanding these interrelations, as well as the urgent need to deeply investigate the socio-cultural impacts of places on these constructs, particularly in societies like Iran, which, despite a rich history, face rapid identity transformations. Accordingly, the primary objective of this research is to elucidate the interactive mechanisms between memorability and place attachment and to analyze the mediating role of the collective mindset in this relationship. More precisely, the goal is to analyze and explain the mental models of theorists concerning this tripartite interaction, thereby identifying factors that contribute to enhancing these connections and exploring their impact on social and cultural identity.
The rationale for this research is rooted in addressing existing theoretical weaknesses and the progressive decline in the quality of spatial experience within human settlements. In both theoretical and practical realms of architecture, we often encounter a disjuncture or a reductionist view of these concepts; contemporary urban environments are designed as alienating spaces, lacking the power to generate deep memories or attachment. This not only leads to the weakening of the sense of belonging and reduced social participation but can also result in the erosion of cultural and collective identity. Therefore, this research theoretically aids in bridging the existing conceptual gap and, on a practical level, presents more applied solutions for designers and policymakers to create spaces that reinforce human bonds and collective identity. This is particularly crucial in the revitalization of historic fabrics and the design of vibrant public spaces, potentially assisting in the recovery of indigenous place values.

Methodology
To achieve objectives, a mixed-methods (qualitative-quantitative) research design centered on Q-methodology was employed. Q-methodology is a potent tool for the systematic study of subjectivity and the exploration of perceptual structures regarding complex concepts like place experience. In a unique approach, instead of using human participants, the study utilized the works and perspectives of prominent theorists—such as Kevin Lynch, Christian Norberg-Schulz, Edward Relph, Yi-Fu Tuan, Maurice Halbwachs, Pierre Nora, Jane Jacobs, Altman & Low, Scannell & Gifford, and Dolores Hayden—as representatives of the theoretical population (P-set). This approach facilitated a structured analysis of the existing theoretical discourse. The selection of these theorists was based on theoretical purposive sampling to ensure coverage of a diverse spectrum of viewpoints across architecture, urban planning, environmental psychology, and urban sociology.
The research process was executed in several distinct stages. In the first step, identifying the concourse (discourse domain) was conducted through a preliminary literature review and documentary analysis to precisely define the thematic territory and the theoretical population. The second stage was the P-set selection, where purposive sampling of theorists based on specific criteria was performed, and the final list was compiled. The third step, research design, involved revising and refining the research questions and objectives to achieve the final research framework. In the fourth stage, context identification was undertaken through a deeper analysis of the selected works to ensure the coverage and diversity of perspectives. The fifth step, library sampling (concourse extraction), utilized indexing (Fiche-bardari) and qualitative content analysis to extract an initial set of potential Q-statements. The sixth stage, serving as an alternative to pre-interviews, involved a critical re-reading of theoretical texts to extract preliminary statements. In the seventh step, data familiarization was achieved through repeated, in-depth study of the texts and initial coding to reach theoretical saturation regarding the spectrum of viewpoints. The eighth stage was the Q-set development; here, through content analysis and statement refinement, the final set comprising 75 statements (deemed sufficient for theoretical saturation) was compiled.

Discussion and Result
The results from the factor analysis led to the identification of three distinct mental models. Statistical analysis of the data (KMO value = 0.748 and Bartlett's Test significance, p < .001) confirmed the suitability of the data for factor analysis. Based on the Total Variance Explained table and the Scree Plot, two principal factors with Initial Eigenvalues greater than 1 were identified (Factor 1 = 3.949 and Factor 2 = 2.079), which collectively explained 75.350% of the total variance before rotation and 65.607% after rotation. Factor 1 was named "Lived-Experience and Affective Bond with Place"; this factor showed the highest factor loadings for the concepts of "Phenomenology of Place" (P3) with a loading of 0.886 and "Place Identity" (P4) with a loading of 0.782. This pattern emphasizes the importance of the internal, sensory, psychological, and affective dimensions of the human-place relationship and the formation of attachment as an existential and identity-based bond. Factor 2 was named "Collective Memory and Image of the Place." This factor exhibited very high factor loadings for the concepts of "Collective Memory" (P1) with a loading of 0.959, "Places of Memory" (P5) with a loading of 0.963, and "Image of the City" (P2) with a loading of 0.924. This mental model clearly focuses on the collective, symbolic, and visual dimensions of place, indicating that a place's capacity for representing collective memory (aligning with Halbwachs and Nora) and its physical legibility (aligning with Lynch) are foundational to forming a shared perception. In addition to these two principal factors, two auxiliary factors were also extracted: "Reconstruction of Memory and Return to Place Experience" (primarily defined by the "Power of Place" (P7) concept with a loading of 0.973, emphasizing the role of conflict and inequality in memory representation) and "Environmental Holism" (defined by "Integrated Models" (P8) with a loading of 0.898, stressing the need for interdisciplinary and technological approaches).

Abstract Introduction
In contemporary times, urban spaces function not only as physical environments but also as interactive and informal learning settings that play a significant role in children's socialization. Among the most influential components of these spaces are murals, sculptures, visual symbols, and other urban elements, all of which carry substantial cultural, educational, and identity-based significance. These visual representations can convey both overt and implicit social messages that shape children's understanding of fundamental concepts such as gender roles, personal identity, and their place within society.
Theoretical framework
Given that preschool-aged children are in a critical developmental period for the formation of self-concept and social identity, the way gender is represented in public spaces can significantly affect their perceptions, emotions, and interpersonal relationships. While extensive scholarly attention has been devoted to the role of family, media, and educational institutions in the construction of gender identity, the influence of public spaces and urban visual elements—particularly murals and pictorial representations—has received considerably less empirical focus. This study, therefore, addresses the central question: How do children perceive and interpret gender representations in urban spaces? And further, how do these perceptions contribute to either reinforcing or disrupting the development of their gender identity?
Accordingly, the primary aim of this research is to explore the lived experiences and interpretations of children aged 4 to 6 regarding public urban environments, with a focus on murals and other visual elements, and to analyze how these representations shape the formation, reinforcement, or transformation of their gender identity. The study specifically seeks to identify supportive (developmentally beneficial) and harmful (psychosocially detrimental) themes embedded in the visual landscape of urban environments from the perspective of young children.
Methodology
This research employed a qualitative methodology grounded in descriptive phenomenology, a foundational approach in qualitative inquiry that aims to capture and interpret individuals' lived experiences of a specific phenomenon. In this study, the objective was to achieve a deep, multi-layered understanding of children’s experiences and interpretations of gender representations in urban visual culture. The study population consisted of preschool children (ages 4-6) residing in Mashhad, Iran. Participants were selected through purposeful sampling, with attention to diversity in gender, social background, and cultural context. A total of 21 children (10 girls and 11 boys) with adequate verbal and social interaction skills were included.
Data collection was conducted through semi-structured interviews, carefully tailored to the children's developmental levels. Interviews were facilitated using visual prompts—real-world examples of murals, sculptures, and urban imagery—to stimulate discussion. The children were encouraged to describe and reflect on what they saw, how they felt about it, and what meanings they assigned to the images. The interview questions were simplified and developmentally appropriate to elicit genuine expressions of subjective experience. The data were analysed using Colaizzi’s seven-step phenomenological method, which allows for the extraction of significant statements, formulation of meanings, and clustering of themes. Emphasis was placed on accuracy, coherence, and faithful representation of participants’ lived experiences.
Result and discussion
The analysis revealed that urban murals and visual elements significantly influence children’s perceptions of gender roles. The findings fell into two overarching categories: supportive themes and harmful themes.
1. Supportive and Enabling Themes:
Non-stereotypical representations: Children exposed to diverse, non-traditional portrayals of gender (e.g., girls engaged in technical activities or boys caring for others) demonstrated a more flexible and creative understanding of gender roles.
Enhanced self-esteem and gendered self-efficacy: Children who encountered empowering images of characters from their own gender reported greater feelings of self-worth, competence, and social inclusion.
Social development and acceptance of difference: The presence of diverse gender representations contributed to more inclusive attitudes, enabling children to become more accepting of non-conforming or unconventional gender expressions.
2. Harmful and Inhibiting Themes:
Reinforcement of gender stereotypes: In environments dominated by highly traditional representations (e.g., girls as nurses, boys as heroes), children showed a strong tendency to reproduce gender stereotypes and restrict their own aspirations accordingly.
Devaluation of gender diversity: Some children reacted to non-traditional images with dismissiveness, ridicule, or aversion, indicating the early internalization of discriminatory or exclusionary attitudes.
Premature sexualisation: In some instances, visual elements focused on body image or beauty ideals led to surface-level gender identification and increased anxiety about physical appearance.
Cognitive dissonance and identity conflict: When children's personal experiences clashed with the gender messages in public visuals, they experienced confusion, anxiety, and internal conflict regarding their gender identity.
Conclusion
The findings of this study suggest that urban murals and visual elements function as a double-edged sword in the formation of children's gender identity. When thoughtfully designed with developmental sensitivity and cultural inclusivity, these elements can serve as powerful cultural and educational tools, promoting a healthy gender identity, boosting self-esteem, and expanding children’s understanding of gender roles. Conversely, inconsistent, stereotypical, or insensitive representations in public visual culture can reproduce harmful gender norms, devalue diversity, and undermine individual identity development. This highlights the urgent need for a critical reassessment of how gender is represented in public urban spaces.
Accordingly, urban planners, environmental graphic designers, and cultural and educational institutions must adopt a more intentional, gender-sensitive approach to designing public spaces. The use of visual symbols that reflect gender diversity, equality, and mutual respect not only improves the quality of the urban environment but also plays a crucial role in cultivating a generation of children with a healthier, fairer, and more humanistic understanding of gender. It is recommended that future research further investigate the roles of other environmental factors, such as playgrounds, urban advertisements, and architectural design, in either reinforcing or disrupting gender identity development, to inform more integrated, child-centered urban policy strategies.

Abstract Introduction
With the rapid expansion of urbanization and the increasing complexity of spatial and social dynamics in contemporary cities, urban design has emerged as a critical discipline in enhancing the quality of life. While visual and physical aspects have traditionally dominated design practices, the sensory dimension—particularly sound—has remained underrepresented. Human interaction with the environment, however, is inherently multisensory. The soundscape, as an integral part of spatial perception, has a profound effect on emotional well-being, place attachment, and social interaction. This research addresses the need to integrate acoustic considerations into urban design, focusing on how sound influences the sense of place in public urban spaces. Despite its fundamental role, sound is often perceived as a background phenomenon, treated either as an environmental nuisance or overlooked entirely in urban planning discourses. Yet emerging interdisciplinary perspectives reveal that auditory experiences can actively shape spatial legibility, behavioral patterns, and social inclusivity. The inclusion of sound as a design parameter not only enhances aesthetic and functional dimensions of space but also aligns with the broader goal of creating health-promoting, equitable, and emotionally resonant urban environments. Recognizing the soundscape as a spatial resource invites designers to engage with acoustic diversity and narrative, turning ordinary urban settings into immersive and meaningful places.
Theoretical Framework
sound functions as a cultural, ecological, and aesthetic dimension of space. Schafer’s foundational work in The Tuning of the World (1977) emphasized the idea that societies are shaped not only by what they see but also by what they hear, introducing key distinctions such as hi-fi (high-fidelity) and lo-fi (low-fidelity) environments—where clarity or masking of sound affects perception and experience. Later expanded by Truax (2001) through the lens of soundscape composition and real-time acoustic interaction, and further developed by Kang & Schulte-Fortkamp (2016) within the framework of soundscape standardization (e.g., ISO 12913), this theory underlies the emerging interdisciplinary field of acoustic ecology. This field brings together insights from environmental psychology, architecture, urban planning, and auditory science to evaluate how sound environments interact with human behavior and spatial meaning.Research has increasingly shown that the quality of acoustic environments in urban settings can significantly influence users’ comfort, safety, social engagement, and overall perception of space (Brown et al., 2011; Aletta et al., 2016). Environments enriched with natural sounds—such as water, wind, or birdsong—are frequently associated with positive affective states, reduced mental fatigue, and enhanced cognitive restoration (Kaplan & Kaplan, 1989; Pheasant et al., 2010). These sounds serve not only as pleasant background stimuli but also as indicators of ecological health and spatial tranquility. In contrast, urban noise pollution—characterized by continuous traffic, industrial activity, or densely packed human presence—often leads to increased physiological stress, reduced spatial legibility, and a decline in users’ willingness to remain or return (Gidlöf-Gunnarsson & Öhrström, 2007; Steele et al., 2019). The dichotomy between restorative and disruptive sounds underscores the need for a nuanced understanding of acoustic perception as both an individual and collective urban experience.
Methodology
This study adopts a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative analysis with quantitative evaluation. Initially, a comprehensive literature review was conducted to extract key urban design indicators that potentially affect acoustic quality. Concurrently, primary acoustic components—acoustic balance, functional quietness, sound diversity, perceptual clarity, acoustic sustainability, and sonic identity—were identified. A two-round Delphi method was implemented involving 20 experts in urban design and environmental acoustics to assess the impact level of each indicator. Subsequently, mean scores were calculated, and the Jenks natural breaks classification was applied to rank the indicators into high, medium, and low impact categories.
 
Results and Discussion
The findings indicate that urban design factors such as control of building density and height, spatial orientation, incorporation of local sonic identity, and increased green coverage have the greatest positive impact on soundscape quality. Components like acoustic-functional compatibility, sound sustainability, and user auditory perception demonstrated the highest sensitivity to urban design interventions. The developed conceptual model comprises three interrelated layers:

Physical-Spatial Layer: Involving the layout, form, and density of urban elements that influence sound propagation.
Environmental Layer: Including materials, vegetation, and water elements that shape the acoustic absorption and modulation.
Experiential-Perceptual Layer: Addressing human interpretations, auditory memory, and emotional responses to sound.

The study further illustrates that designing with sound in mind enhances psychological comfort, encourages lingering and interaction, and reinforces users’ cognitive mapping of space. Spaces enriched with coherent, identity-based soundscapes contribute to the creation of “auditory landmarks” that deepen the user’s sense of belonging.
 
Conclusion
This research presents a systematic framework linking urban design principles with acoustic ecosystem dynamics, emphasizing the need for deliberate integration of sound into design processes. The implications extend beyond aesthetics, suggesting that sound should be approached as an active design element rather than a residual consequence. Accordingly, the study advocates for:

Sound-conscious urban design practices and guidelines,
Integration of digital acoustic tools (e.g., simulations, sensors, sound maps),
Professional training for planners and designers,
Equitable sonic environments through the emerging lens of sound justice.

By shifting from a visually dominated to a multisensory design paradigm, urban designers can help craft environments that are not only seen and used but also heard, remembered, and emotionally experienced. The study ultimately contributes to reimagining cities as more inclusive, sensorially rich, and human-centered places.

Abstract Extended Abstract
Introduction
Rapid urbanization necessitates sustainable urban development, particularly optimizing urban form due to land and environmental resource limitations. Modern urban growth often overlooks traditional solar access, resulting in energy imbalances and urban heat islands, as exemplified by the poor air quality in Baharestan and Isfahan in 2019. There's an urgent need for solutions to increase building density while ensuring direct sunlight, thermal comfort, and reduced energy consumption. Algorithmic processes, especially parametric design, offer a novel approach to optimizing urban morphology for multiple, often conflicting objectives, such as maximizing building footprint and courtyard area while ensuring solar access. This study addresses this gap by presenting an integrated model for urban form organization in Baharestan City using multi-criteria algorithms and a solar envelope approach. The main objective is to propose an urban form organization algorithm for Baharestan, analyzing solar light reception and resulting energy in outdoor spaces. Sub-objectives include creating vertical green space patterns, proposing optimal urban block design rules, and developing a climate-optimized multi-variable algorithm for urban development. Ultimately, this research aims to foster a more sustainable city by maximizing building volume using the solar envelope method.
Theoretical Framework
The study integrates "compact city" principles – optimizing land use, increasing density, and promoting mixed-use development – with the "low-carbon energy city" theory, which focuses on reducing greenhouse gas emissions through energy optimization and the use of renewable sources. Solar access is fundamental to both, enabling natural illumination and reducing heating and cooling demands. Multi-criteria algorithms are crucial here, as they balance conflicting sustainability objectives (e.g., maximizing area versus solar access). The solar envelope defines maximum building heights while preserving solar access. Evolutionary computations provide tools for exploring sustainable urban forms. Recent urban planning research has increasingly leveraged Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) algorithms, combined with advanced computational techniques such as machine learning and genetic algorithms, to achieve optimal urban design.
Methodology
This research is applied-developmental, providing a practical and generalizable algorithmic modeling approach for urban design that combines documentary, analytical, and modeling methods. Multi-criteria algorithms like Wallacei are chosen because urban design problems often involve conflicting objectives (e.g., maximizing footprint vs. solar access). These algorithms provide Pareto optimal solutions for complex decision-making.
In the modeling phase, 5000 simulations using the Wallacei multi-criteria algorithm selected the optimal urban layout for residential blocks, maximizing building footprint and courtyard area. Subsequent analyses included solar radiation energy, sky dome coverage, and solar access hours in outdoor urban spaces. Baharestan City, Isfahan (51E, 32N), was the case study, with Meteonorm climate data validated using data from the Isfahan Shahid Beheshti Airport station.
The parametric solar envelope calculation defines direct solar access conditions. Steps involved: 2D site modeling in Rhinoceros; importing EPW weather data into Ladybug plugin to set solar radiation and minimum temperature (20°C, 475 W/m² on December 21st); determining shading boundaries (1.5-2m above ground); setting modeling time (8:00 AM-4:00 PM on December 21st); and generating a 30m maximum height geometric polygon for the solar envelope. The 35-hectare Baharestan study area was divided into five blocks. Rhinoceros 6 SR30, Grasshopper v1, and DecodingSpaces 2020 were used for parametric modeling. After the initial division (Figure 1), 5,000 multi-criteria parametric models were run via Wallacei (Figures 2 and 3). Eight optimal options per area were selected, maximizing building potential and courtyard area (Figure 4). Solar envelope structures were determined for each building on December 21st (the lowest sun angle), considering shadow lines (1.5-2m) and the maximum buildable height (30m), which defined the permissible volumes. Final building volumes were obtained by placing solar envelope volumes in 3-meter voxels to ensure winter sunlight access (Figure 5).
Results and Discussion
Climate data indicated Baharestan's outdoor environment requires direct sun for comfort for six months and shade for four months (Figure 6). Buildable space categorization showed high density (Table 1). Over 95% of open spaces in all five blocks received more than 1000 kWh/m² of solar energy annually, suggesting potential for energy self-sufficiency (Figure 7). Sky dome access averaged over 70% in outdoor spaces and floor plans, aiding natural light utilization (Figure 8). Solar access hours in December (the shortest day) consistently showed over 35 hours of direct sunlight across most urban areas (Figure 9).
Conclusion
This research successfully developed a comprehensive framework for optimizing sustainable urban form in Baharestan using parametric design and multi-criteria algorithms. The Wallacei genetic algorithm facilitated the evaluation of 5,000 models, yielding optimal layouts. The findings align with previous studies on the impact of urban form on environmental sustainability, particularly in terms of solar access and thermal comfort. The study's innovation lies in its simultaneous optimization of conflicting objectives: maximizing building footprint, courtyard area, and solar access. The integrated, climate-optimized algorithm effectively handles complex urban design challenges in specific climates. Its high efficiency is evidenced by over 1,000 kWh/m² of solar radiant energy in 95% of areas, over 70% sky dome access, and over 35 hours of solar access in the shortest month. These results directly address the issues of energy consumption and air pollution in cities like Isfahan. The method facilitates urban green spaces on building levels and significantly meets daylight needs. This research enriches parametric design and multi-criteria algorithms, offering an efficient tool for urban planners to create more sustainable and resilient cities.

Abstract Introduction
 Public spaces have always been fundamental to the urban fabric, acting as physical venues for social interactions and enduring symbols of cultural and social identity. Across civilizations, such spaces have provided a sense of continuity, reflecting their societies' values, priorities, and aspirations. In Iranian architecture, public spaces such as squares, markets, mosques, and gardens hold particular importance. These spaces were thoughtfully designed over various historical periods to address a spectrum of needs, from facilitating trade and social gatherings to fostering spiritual and recreational experiences. Their defining features include a focus on human scale, climate-appropriate designs, and a deep respect for the social, cultural, and economic contexts in which they were embedded.
In contemporary times, the rapid pace of urbanization, changing lifestyles, and evolving societal values have transformed the role and expectations of public spaces. Once primarily centered on singular or localized functions, modern public spaces are expected to address a broader and more diverse array of needs. They must accommodate the demands of dense urban living, provide platforms for cultural expression and community engagement, and adapt to changing mobility and technology use patterns. Designing multifunctional spaces that cater to these diverse requirements has become a challenge and a necessity in urban planning and architecture.
Beyond merely fulfilling physical needs, contemporary public spaces must also foster a sense of connection among citizens and between individuals and their environment. They should provide opportunities for social interactions, encourage recreation, and strengthen the sense of belonging and identity within urban communities. These spaces can unite, bridging generational and cultural divides while promoting inclusivity and accessibility for all societal groups.
This research investigates the successful attributes of traditional public spaces in Iran, uncovering their enduring relevance in today's urban contexts. By analyzing principles such as human-centered design, multifunctionality, and integration with cultural and historical values, the study proposes guidelines for creating contemporary public spaces. While addressing the practical needs of modern society, these spaces must also serve as custodians of cultural heritage, ensuring that the identity and legacy of their communities endure amidst the dynamism of urban evolution.
 Methodology
This research employs a historical-evolutionary method combined with a qualitative approach. Historical documents and sources related to Iranian architecture and urban planning during the Ilkhanid, Timurid, Safavid, and Qajar periods were analyzed in the initial stage. These periods were selected for their profound influence on the development of public spaces. Content analysis of these historical sources focused on uncovering the spaces' architectural, social, and cultural characteristics.
In the second stage, field studies were conducted in Isfahan, examining locations such as Shahid Rajai Parks, Nazhvan, Mardavij, Khaju Bridge, Si-o-Se Pol Bridge, Shahrestan Bridge, and the Metropol Complex on Chaharbagh Street. Citizen interviews and direct observations of how these spaces are utilized provided insight into contemporary needs and expectations. Finally, the data were synthesized using comparative analysis to propose design solutions tailored to modern multifunctional spaces.
Conclusion
 This research analyzes successful historical collective space design principles and adapts them to contemporary needs, yielding valuable insights. Key findings include:
Contemporary Markets: Modern markets should integrate public and private spaces to facilitate social and commercial interactions.
Squares as Cultural Hubs: Public squares must be designed for cultural, educational, and recreational activities and serve as venues for community engagement.
Gardens as Educational Centers: Green spaces should incorporate educational and cultural elements alongside recreational uses.
Cultural Identity in Design: Emphasizing local cultural identity in public spaces can enhance community attachment and collective identity.
Overall, applying successful historical patterns to contemporary design can improve urban life quality and create spaces that address citizens' cultural, social, and psychological needs.

Abstract Introduction
The announcement of time has played a crucial role in shaping the rhythm of daily life in Islamic cities, much like public clocks in European urban centers demonstrated technological prowess and controlled urban life. Islamic urban architecture, particularly during the Safavid era, emphasized the integration of time-keeping structures into public spaces such as mosques and squares. This research investigates the architectural and cultural significance of time-announcing mechanisms in Iranian Islamic cities, focusing on Naqsh-e Jahan Square in Isfahan, which housed diverse time-keeping structures like the "Shah Clock."
Theoretical Framework
The study explores the historical role of public clocks and time-keeping mechanisms in Islamic urban planning, emphasizing their integration into architectural elements and their role in public and religious life. Drawing on historical texts and the interpretative-historical method, the research connects the development of these structures with advancements in Islamic mechanical engineering and urban design.
Methodology
This qualitative research employs interpretative-historical and descriptive-analytical methods. Primary historical texts and documents were analyzed to trace and identify urban clocks and their functions. The study categorizes these mechanisms based on their technology, cultural significance, and spatial organization in urban environments. Specific examples, such as the Shah Clock of Naqsh-e Jahan Square and the time-keeping structures of Kashan and Yazd, were examined in detail to reconstruct their role in shaping public life and urban identity.
Results and Discussion
Findings indicate that time-keeping structures, such as the Shah Clock, played a multifaceted role in Islamic cities. These mechanisms combined advanced engineering, artistic craftsmanship, and architectural design. They served religious, social, and political purposes, including the announcement of prayer times, structuring urban life, and symbolizing the authority and technological sophistication of ruling powers.
The study highlights the integration of Islamic, Persian, and European time-keeping methods, as evident in the Shah Clock and the Portuguese mechanical clock in Naqsh-e Jahan Square. The presence of artistic elements, such as moving figurines and musical features, added an educational and entertaining dimension, enhancing their public appeal. Moreover, the spatial arrangement of these structures in key urban areas underlined their cultural and social significance.
Conclusion
The study concludes that time-keeping mechanisms in Islamic cities were more than functional devices; they were integral to urban identity, cultural heritage, and public life. The Shah Clock and other similar structures in Isfahan, Yazd, and Kashan exemplify the intersection of technology, art, and religion in Islamic architecture. The absence of many of these structures today underscores the need for further research and preservation efforts to uncover their historical and cultural importance.
This analysis provides valuable insights for contemporary urban planning by emphasizing the cultural and architectural integration of functional and aesthetic elements. Reintroducing such culturally significant structures in modern cities could foster a renewed appreciation of historical identity and urban harmony.

Abstract Introduction
Due to the dangers of homogenization of urban spaces resulting from globalization processes during urban developments, the need to preserve local identities for urban spaces is increasingly felt, and the preservation of local identities is necessary. Koy-e Golestan as a settlement for the minority group of Romanians in the historical center of Sabzevar city, has unique architectural features specific to the indigenous residents of this area.
Also, urban studies show that building facades have a prominent role on physical identity of urban areas. The case study- Golestan neighborhood- is a settlement for Romani people in the center of the city of Sabzevar which due to its deterioration needs urgent spatial-physical interventions. While the aforementioned neighborhood is located in the historical center of the city and has several valuable historical monuments, studies show implementing spatial-physical interventions in areas like this without considering their local spatial identity will have adverse effects on reducing the identity of these areas, and provoking a sense of delocalization in the form of alienation from the place and so on.
So in these regards, this research to serve as a proper urban preservation policy for the future interventions, has tried to explore the identifying components of the building facades of the Golestan neighborhood. According to the studies, facades, as the most important part of the city's physical mass, is considered an important part of its identity. Also, in this study regarding previous research, the identity components of the building facades of Golestan has been explored on the basis of seven categories of its overall components: 1- overall shape of the facade, 2- main lines, 3- dividing lines, 4- openings and apertures, 5- details and extensions, 6- materials and textures, and 7- colors.
In general, in Golestan neighborhood, we see two types of building facades: old and renovated. While Most of the renovated building facades in the neighborhood are made of brick, and sometimes ceramic or stone, this is a characteristic of older buildings with brick or thatched roofs. Also, as what has been discussed in the research findings, in the neighborhood's native and old architecture, we see a variety of designs and architectural details such as railings, turned windows, brickwork, and shelters with brick knots. In the renovations carried out in new buildings, we see the use of new materials such as stone, ceramics, and metal doors and windows, along with a noticeable difference in the patterns of building facades with other areas of the city.
Research Methodology
Totally, this study in order to achieve the study goal, by reviewing the literature on physical identity, building facades and the facades constituent components on physical identity of buildings, has conducted a field study on the case study of Golestan. As mentioned above, in the field study phase, the research was conducted to collect and record data based on two parts of uncontrolled (free) observation, and controlled observations and recordings with the help of photography. In case of mentioned field study, a two-round Delphi technique has been carried out among 14 experts based on 80 selected images in 8 general categories of facade components which has been taken from the building of the neighborhood. At this stage, 15 experts in the field of architecture and urban planning working and living in Sabzevar, familiar with the historical architectural features of this neighborhood, and who also have a relative knowledge of Golestan and its residents were identified and selected that 14 people collaborated with this research.
Result and discussion
According to the findings, the identifying components of Koy-e Golestan building facades could be conceptualized in 17 initial and 7 main concepts. The initial concepts consists of natural and historical symbolism, using of floral and plant elements, using of images of the religious characters, using of religious symbols, ostentatiousness, colorfulness, luxurious, variety in lines, sharp geometry, unconventional geometric combinations, excessive use of arrays, richness in patterns, excessive attention to detail, imitation, variety in patterns, fineness, and repetition. Also The findings showed that the concepts of natural-historical symbolism, religious symbolism, the desire to show off, shape and form fashionism, heavy attention to details, eclecticism, and emphasis on creating a dense texture, are the recognizable aspects of the physical identity of the building facades of Koy-e Golestan.
Concolusion
According to this study, while building facades are deeply connected with the cultural and social contexts, the physical identity components identified in Golestan neighborhood are related to the cultural-identity characteristics of the ethnic community living in Golestan. Based on the results of this research, in general, religious orientation and devotion to the Ahl al-Bayt (PBUH), the desire to self-expression and to be seen, and the personalization of the lived environment are the ethnic community grounded context which is effective on the creation of specific architecture patterns of Koy-e Golestan. This study by exploring the identifying components of Golestan neighborhood building facades, points out to the distinctive and coherent dimensions of the physical identity components of Golestan, in which are necessary for urban design policies and guidelines in terms of urban tourism, regeneration, and housing in the future decision making and decision taking by the authorities about the area.

Abstract The realization of a sustainable university as an institution that prioritizes environmental, social, economic, and cultural sustainability in its strategies, policies, and practices; As a strategic center, it plays a central role in urban environments, and in the last few decades, it has been the focus of urban planning and designer researchers. A university, as a higher education institution that provides three areas of educational performance: educational space, educational experience in context, and natural environment, plays an important role in the balance and interaction of social activity, built-physical environment, and natural environment. They play Providing a method and a tool to evaluate the level of stability of the educational space as a physical-spatial space is the subject that is addressed in this research. For this purpose, various types of assessment tools are introduced, and then the graphic assessment tool of sustainability in the university (GASU) is examined as one of the analytical tools. This research is based on its interpretative approach, following the introduction and application of an evaluation method to measure the sustainability of university campuses as a special type of urban public space. Based on this, this research has used the strategy of reviewing the research literature using library resources (a heuristic approach). The results are presented in two parts: the framework of GASU indicators and the rereading of this method for its application in the university with the aim of turning it into a public space in the city. The results indicate that the general indicators are centered on the institutional core of the university campus in order to create a vision for information and public participation; economic indicators are another part of the institutional core, seeking to draw the conditions of competition, benefit, and public participation in the economic field; And finally, the environmental index to describe a nature-friendly environment is based on local values and technology-based energy efficiency.
 

Abstract The construction industry has a significant contribution to energy consumption. Therefore, developed countries in this field have offered a strategic energy plan by voluntarily applying energy certificates approved by the Green Buildings Council. Since 2000, Iran has presented its energy audit program by voluntarily applying the building energy label. Unfortunately, this energy certificate has not been able to significantly contribute to maintaining energy in this industry. Therefore, the present study used a qualitative descriptive-analytical method to compare existing standards between the energy strategic plan of the Green Buildings Council and Iran's energy audit program. The three factors of saving based on human design, saving for all resources, and biogeochemical cycle were compared as the goals of both programs, and the reasons for the differences around them were analyzed. The results of these analyses showed shortcomings in the standardization of savings based on all resources and biogeochemical cycles in Iran's energy label certificate compared to the certificate approved by the Green Buildings Council. In such a way that in the rating of Iran's energy label, user education and saving of water resources and solutions for using alternative sources of energy such as geothermal energy and sun and wind and biogas fuel and the return of construction materials and materials to the material biogeochemical cycle are not considered, as well as supporting support. There has been no incentive such as tax exemptions in these sectors.