https://jspr.jdisf.ac.ir/ Journal of Urban Studies on Space and Place en daily 1 Fri, 22 May 2026 00:00:00 +0330 Fri, 22 May 2026 00:00:00 +0330 https://jspr.jdisf.ac.ir/article_735269.html IntroductionContemporary cities face escalating risks from natural hazards and human-induced threats owing to rapid population growth, infrastructural complexity, and spatial densification (Rezaie Narimisa et al., 2019). Enhancing urban resilience has therefore emerged as an urgent imperative. Within this context, passive defense—a non-confrontational strategy aimed at vulnerability reduction and improvement of absorption, response, and recovery capacities—offers a robust framework for threat mitigation at the neighborhood scale (Ghajari et al., 2018).As the primary organizational units of urban fabric, neighborhoods constitute critical arenas for implementing passive defense measures. Public and strategic facilities located within them are frequently primary targets during crises; consequently, reducing neighborhood-level vulnerabilities substantially strengthens societal defensive capacity. Accordingly, this study examines neighborhood resilience in Qom City, Iran, through the lens of passive defense, addressing three principal research questions:· How do neighborhood spatial indicators (green space provision, building density, and distance from strategic centers) exert direct and indirect influences on shelter design criteria and overall neighborhood resilience?· Which shelter design criteria do experts regard as most critical to neighborhood resilience, and how are these criteria hierarchically ranked?· How does the prioritization of shelter design criteria differ according to shelter function (public, hospital, command), and what are the implications for resilience planning? Theoretical FrameworkThe neighborhood represents a multifaceted construct in urban studies, encompassing social, perceptual, physical, functional, and political dimensions. Internationally, neighborhoods are typically conceptualized as spatially bounded areas possessing distinct identity and providing daily services within convenient walking distance. In the Iranian context, official guidelines define neighborhoods as units containing 700–1,250 households accessible within a 4–5-minute pedestrian radius and anchored by mosques, schools, parks, and local commercial facilities.Beyond demographic and service thresholds, collective identity, social interaction, spatial legibility, environmental quality, and physical continuity are pivotal to neighborhood cohesion. The neighborhood scale is particularly salient for passive defense and resilience planning, as it aligns with citizens’ lived experience and hosts essential infrastructure and population concentrations. Core passive defense principles—appropriate site selection, concealment and camouflage, emergency circulation networks, structural reinforcement, and multifunctional space design—are most effectively operationalized at this level. Moreover, neighborhood resilience extends beyond technical parameters to incorporate social capital, access to open space, environmental quality, and service coordination. Within this integrated perspective, shelter design emerges as a vital nexus of technical, spatial, and socio-functional considerations, yielding safe and adaptable refuges during crises. MethodologyThis applied investigation adopted a descriptive–analytical design. Data were collected through documentary review, field observation, expert questionnaires, and geospatial analysis. The study area comprised Qom City, with three representative neighborhoods (Pardisan, Emam, and Shahrak-e Qods) selected via cluster sampling. Expert judgment was elicited from 12 specialists in architecture and passive defense using structured questionnaires. Quantitative analysis and structural equation modeling were performed using SPSS 26 and AMOS 24 software. Results and DiscussionExpert assessments, validated by the Friedman rank test, established structural resistance and emergency evacuation routes as the preeminent shelter design criteria (highest mean ranks). Spatial indicators significantly moderated these criteria: green space provision and greater distance from strategic centers correlated positively with structural resistance and accessibility, whereas elevated building density exhibited inverse relationships.Criterion prioritization varied markedly by shelter typology. Emergency routes emerged as the dominant consideration for hospital shelters, reflecting the imperative of rapid patient evacuation and ambulance access. Conversely, concealment and camouflage assumed primary importance for command centers to minimize detection risk. Structural resistance and strategic location, however, retained universal salience across all functional categories.Structural equation modeling confirmed that neighborhood resilience is shaped through both direct pathways (safety-oriented design criteria and favorable physical attributes) and indirect pathways mediated by design criteria. Hierarchical cluster analysis delineated three neighborhood typologies: (1) planned resilient neighborhoods exhibiting optimal spatial characteristics and high design compliance; (2) dense vulnerable neighborhoods constrained by excessive building density and limited open space; and (3) location-dependent neighborhoods whose resilience hinged predominantly on proximity to or distance from strategic assets. These typologies facilitate targeted, context-specific interventions.The results affirm the necessity of a systemic approach that integrates shelter design standards with neighborhood physical planning, acknowledges functional differentiation, and leverages spatial analytics to strengthen urban resilience. ConclusionThis investigation demonstrates that structural resistance and emergency evacuation routes constitute the cornerstone shelter design criteria for enhancing neighborhood resilience, followed by strategic location and concealment measures. Neighborhood spatial characteristics—green space provision, building density, and distance from strategic centers—exert significant direct and indirect effects on criterion fulfillment and resilience outcomes. Furthermore, functional specialization markedly influences criterion hierarchy, with hospital shelters prioritizing circulation efficiency and command facilities emphasizing concealment.Ultimately, achieving robust urban resilience necessitates the systematic integration of shelter design with neighborhood-scale spatial planning, explicit consideration of shelter function, and adoption of differentiated, evidence-based strategies tailored to local physical and strategic conditions. Such an approach will facilitate the development of resilient, adaptive urban shelter networks capable of withstanding contemporary threats. https://jspr.jdisf.ac.ir/article_737895.html IntroductionBike-sharing systems have increasingly been recognized as a key component of sustainable and active urban mobility strategies worldwide. Over the past two decades, such systems have expanded rapidly across diverse urban contexts, contributing to reduced car dependency, improved accessibility, and enhanced environmental and public health outcomes. However, international experiences demonstrate that the successful development of bike-sharing systems depends not only on technological innovation but also on complex interactions among economic, institutional, infrastructural, and socio-cultural factors.In Iran, and particularly in Tehran, several attempts have been made to establish smart bike-sharing systems. Despite initial enthusiasm and technological readiness, many of these initiatives have either remained limited in scale or have been discontinued. While existing studies in the Iranian context have addressed infrastructural, technical, and policy-related aspects of bike-sharing, a comprehensive qualitative analysis based on the direct perspectives of key actors involved in these initiatives has been lacking. In the absence of such analysis, policy cycles risk repeating previous shortcomings. This study aims to address this gap by providing an in-depth exploration of the structural and contextual challenges facing the development of bike-sharing systems in Tehran.Theoretical FrameworkThe study builds upon interdisciplinary perspectives in sustainable urban mobility, institutional governance, and socio-technical systems. Previous domestic research has highlighted the importance of infrastructure quality, safety, integration with public transport, and data-driven planning. Other studies have emphasized managerial coordination, institutional participation, and technological adaptation. However, much of the literature has relied on quantitative modeling or technological evaluation, with limited attention to the lived experiences and strategic assessments of practitioners and decision-makers directly involved in implementation processes.From a theoretical standpoint, bike-sharing systems can be understood as socio-technical assemblages embedded within broader governance and cultural structures. Their performance is shaped not only by infrastructure and technology but also by institutional stability, financial viability, policy coherence, and public perception. This perspective frames bike-sharing development as a multidimensional and relational process rather than a purely technical intervention. Accordingly, this research adopts an exploratory qualitative approach to identify how various structural and contextual factors intersect in the Tehran case.MethodologyThis research employs a qualitative design aimed at capturing the experiences and interpretations of actors directly involved in bike-sharing development in Tehran. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 11 key participants, including municipal officials, transport managers, corporate investors, company executives, and urban cycling advocates who have played active roles in the planning, operation, or promotion of bike-sharing systems.Participants were selected through purposeful sampling based on their strategic positions and direct involvement in relevant projects. Rather than relying solely on numerical saturation, the adequacy of data was assessed in terms of “information power” (Malterud et al., 2016), given that interviewees represented key institutional and operational perspectives. The diversity of positions across policymaking, implementation, and civic engagement levels enabled the identification of recurring patterns and convergent themes. Interview transcripts were analyzed through iterative reading and thematic interpretation. Patterns of meaning were identified and organized into primary and secondary themes. The analysis was grounded in participants’ narratives, and repeated returns to the raw data ensured consistency between interpretations and original statements.Results and DiscussionThe findings indicate that the challenges facing bike-sharing development in Tehran can be categorized into four interrelated dimensions: economic and financial, institutional and managerial, socio-cultural, and technical and infrastructural. Economically, high initial capital costs, dependence on currency fluctuations, and the absence of stable municipal financial support create structural fragility in business models. This financial uncertainty constrains scaling and exposes operators to discontinuity risks.At the institutional and managerial level, weak coordination between public and private actors, the lack of clear contractual frameworks, shifting municipal priorities, and the dominance of car-oriented urban planning approaches significantly undermine long-term stability. The absence of predictable governance arrangements increases operational uncertainty and discourages private-sector engagement.Socio-cultural challenges include negative perceptions of cycling as a legitimate mode of daily transport, gender-based restrictions, and the lack of sustained cultural and educational policies promoting active mobility. These factors limit consistent demand and restrict the social embedding of bike-sharing as an everyday urban practice. Technically and infrastructurally, discontinuous and unsafe cycling lanes, inadequate station placement, logistical inefficiencies, and unreliable digital infrastructure hinder user experience and increase operational costs. These limitations reveal that technological deployment alone cannot compensate for broader infrastructural deficits.Importantly, these four dimensions do not operate independently; rather, they form a causal chain in which institutional instability reinforces financial risk, weak infrastructure affects social acceptance, and limited demand further undermines financial sustainability. The Tehran case thus illustrates the systemic interdependence of socio-technical, economic, and governance factors in urban mobility transitions.ConclusionThe development of bike-sharing systems in Tehran cannot be understood as a purely technical or operational matter. Instead, it represents a multidimensional process embedded within institutional arrangements, economic structures, urban infrastructure, and socio-cultural contexts. The recurrence of limited-scale or discontinued initiatives reflects the absence of an integrated and stable policy framework. Sustainable advancement in this field requires coordinated action across multiple domains: transparent and risk-balanced public–private partnerships, stable contractual and governance frameworks, investment in safe and continuous cycling infrastructure, digital reliability, and coherent cultural policies that enhance the legitimacy and inclusiveness of cycling practices.Future research may further deepen understanding by conducting comparative analyses with other Iranian or regional cities, examining user perspectives more systematically, and integrating quantitative usage data with qualitative institutional analysis. Such studies can contribute to a more comprehensive assessment of the prospects and constraints of active mobility transitions in complex metropolitan contexts.KeywordsBike-sharing systems, urban cycling development, Tehran. https://jspr.jdisf.ac.ir/article_735153.html IntroductionIn the contemporary era, marked by significant transformations in lifestyle, cultural diversity, and the growing complexities of urban spaces, the nature of individuals' engagement and interaction with religious environments has undergone noticeable changes. This evolution is particularly crucial when considering the ways in which a sense of spirituality is cultivated or enhanced within religious spaces, specifically among women and men. Empirical findings alongside various research studies indicate that individuals’ spiritual connection to mosques can be influenced by an array of factors. These factors encompass physical characteristics, such as the architectural design of the dome or mihrab, the strategic use of lighting, and sensory attributes, including scents, sounds, color schemes, and the materials used in the mosque's construction. Furthermore, socio-cultural dimensions play a significant role, involving community engagement, intergenerational connections, and the facilitation of human interactions within the mosque environment. While numerous studies have explored the role of mosques in fostering social and spiritual interactions, there remains a notable gap in comprehensive research addressing these three dimensions (physical, sensory, and cultural) through the lens of gender differences. This raises an essential question: Which architectural elements and features exert the most profound influence on individuals' spiritual experiences in mosques? Additionally, does the extent of this influence vary significantly between women and men, or are these impacts distributed equally across genders?Theoretical frameworkThe differences in environmental perception between women and men are significant and encompass various dimensions influenced by factors such as socialization, cognitive processing, and ideological frameworks. Numerous studies have highlighted that women generally exhibit stronger attitudes and behaviors concerning environmental protection and awareness compared to men. Women tend to demonstrate a heightened sensitivity toward their surroundings, often focusing intensely on the finer details of their immediate environment. This inclination makes them more likely to carefully evaluate specific aspects of a space, whereas men are generally observed to approach spatial interpretation with a broader and more comprehensive perspective. These notable distinctions in how individuals perceive their environment underline the importance of incorporating such considerations into architectural design practices. By doing so, designers can effectively engage the senses and attention of all users. Furthermore, women and men hold varied perceptions of the quality of interior environments, which further emphasizes the necessity of adaptable and inclusive spatial designs tailored to meet diverse needs.MethodologyThe research methodology was conducted in two phases: an initial descriptive-analytical approach, followed by a survey-based method. A structured questionnaire was employed to gather data, comprising 31 indicators related to physical, sensory, and socio-cultural components in mosque architecture. Each indicator was assessed using a nine-point Likert scale ranging from "strongly disagree" to "strongly agree." The questionnaire’s content validity was confirmed prior to implementation by five specialists in architecture with expertise in environmental psychology. Its reliability was also verified by calculating the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. The study population consisted of worshippers and individuals participating in cultural activities at mosques in Yasuj city. The final sample size included 282 respondents, evenly distributed between genders, with 141 men and 141 women. Participants' ages ranged from 21 to 71 years, with the highest frequency observed in the 43–59 age group. Sampling was carried out using a purposeful and convenience-based method to ensure representation across various gender and age demographics among mosque users. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software. The questionnaire’s reliability was evaluated again using the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, while its validity was established through content review by experts. To identify the factor structure of the questionnaire, exploratory factor analysis with the Varimax rotation method was applied. Additionally, an independent t-test was conducted to examine significant differences between gender groups regarding the influence levels of the indicators. Furthermore, a one-sample t-test was utilized to assess the significance of indicator means against hypothetical values. Statistical descriptions including mean values, standard deviation, and frequency percentages were presented during the analysis process.Result and discussionThe present study aimed to explore mental and psychological differences between women and men in the process of fostering and enhancing spiritual feelings within mosque architecture, yielding noteworthy findings. The results indicate that sensory components have the most significant impact on individuals' spiritual experiences. This influence is particularly pronounced among women, who exhibit greater sensitivity to these factors. Elements such as natural light, appealing acoustics, pleasant fragrances, and soothing colors play a crucial role in creating a spiritually uplifting environment for women. These characteristics align with women's heightened sensitivity to environmental details and sensory stimuli, ultimately fostering a sense of belonging, psychological tranquility, and spiritual upliftment. Conversely, men tend to be more influenced by structural and architectural elements. Features such as grand domes, tall minarets, intricately designed mihrabs, and the effective utilization of human-scale proportions in spatial design are among the aspects that capture men's attention. These architectural elements, emphasizing divine order and unity, effectively contribute to enhancing men's focus and spiritual experience.ConclusionThe thoughtful design of mosques can deeply enrich the spiritual experience of worshippers, especially when practical recommendations are applied. Sensory elements play a crucial role, with features like natural lighting, calming acoustics, harmonious color schemes, and soothing fragrances such as incense and rosewater enhancing the atmosphere. Attention to traditional architectural details, like domes, mihrabs, and human-scaled minarets, combined with designs that promote unity and focus, further elevates the space. Equally important are cultural and social considerations. Spaces dedicated to dialogue, religious education, and community activities foster a sense of belonging and collective spirituality. For women, creating private and serene areas ensures a more focused and tranquil worship experience. Balancing sensory, architectural, and social dimensions in mosque design creates an environment that meets the diverse needs of all attendees. Such holistic approaches provide a deeply immersive and sustainable spiritual experience for everyone. https://jspr.jdisf.ac.ir/article_737896.html Mental health challenges have become increasingly prominent in contemporary urban environments, where rapid urbanization, population growth, environmental stressors, and socio-economic inequalities intensify psychological pressures. As cities continue to expand, the demand for spaces that promote psychological comfort, social interaction, and emotional well-being has grown substantially. While environmental psychology provides rich insights into how physical and social environments shape human behavior, stress, perception, and well-being, urban planning traditionally emphasizes infrastructure, spatial organization, and land use. Despite their shared concerns, these two fields have often developed independently, creating a conceptual and operational gap. Addressing this gap is essential for creating human-centered, health-supportive, and sustainable urban environments. This study responds to this need by systematically analyzing the intellectual landscape, conceptual patterns, and research gaps at the intersection of environmental psychology and urban planning over a 52-year period.Theoretical FrameworkThe research is anchored in an interdisciplinary framework that conceptualizes cities as dynamic psychological environments. Environmental psychology theories—including person–environment fit, stress recovery theory, attention restoration theory, and place attachment—highlight that environmental attributes such as green spaces, architectural form, density, mobility networks, and sensory qualities influence cognition, emotional states, social behavior, and health outcomes. Urban planning theories, particularly those related to sustainable development, human-centered design, and socio-spatial justice, emphasize the need for equitable, inclusive, and resilient environments. By integrating these perspectives, the framework positions environmental psychology as a bridge that connects physical design with human needs. This integration helps explain why certain spatial configurations reduce stress, why natural elements enhance emotional well-being, how socio-economic factors shape environmental perceptions, and how built environments influence health disparities among age groups—including children, adults, and the elderly. The theoretical model underscores that psychological well-being is not merely an individual attribute but an outcome shaped by spatial, social, demographic, and environmental systems.MethodologyThe study employs a scientometric design to provide a systematic, quantitative, and visual analysis of research trends. A total of 462 English-language publications from the Scopus database (1973–2025) were retrieved based on carefully selected keywords related to environmental psychology and urban planning. Boolean combinations ensured that only publications addressing both domains were included. VOSviewer software was used to conduct:• Co-occurrence analysis to identify conceptual linkages,• Cluster analysis to categorize thematic domains,• Overlay visualization to map temporal evolution of concepts,• Density mapping to highlight areas of concentrated scholarly attention.The time-span was categorized into four major evolutionary phases to reveal how each era contributed to the intellectual development of the field. This methodological approach allows for comprehensive identification of dominant themes, emerging research areas, and underexplored gaps.Results and DiscussionThe analyses revealed six major conceptual clusters that together form the intellectual core of the intersection between environmental psychology and urban planning:1. Environmental Psychology and Urban Sustainability:Emphasizing green spaces, environmental quality, restorative environments, and psychological well-being as core components of sustainable cities.2. Demographic Psychology and Socio-economic Factors:Highlighting how population growth, socio-economic status, gender, and social inequality affect environmental perception and behavior.3. Psychology of Elderly Health:Stressing the importance of supportive environments, accessibility, neighborhood characteristics, and social support for aging populations.4. Psychology of Physical Activity and Built Environment:Focusing on walkability, cycling infrastructure, parks, and public spaces that promote active lifestyles and mental health.5. Psychological Stress and Environmental Risk Factors:Addressing how noise, crowding, pollution, unsafe neighborhoods, and poor housing conditions induce stress and mental health burdens.6. Traffic Safety Psychology and Driving Behavior:Examining risk perception, driver behavior, pedestrian safety, and environmental features affecting traffic-related mental load.The conceptual evolution indicates a clear progression:• 1973–2005: Foundations of demographic and environmental behavior research.• 2005–2010: Increased attention to social determinants of health and environmental inequalities.• 2010–2015: Expansion toward climate change, urbanization impacts, and mobility behaviors.• 2015–2025: Focus on mental health, sustainability, green infrastructure, COVID-19 repercussions, and AI-driven urban analytics.The discussion highlights Environmental Psychology as an integrative lens that explains why and how urban forms influence stress, emotional resilience, social participation, and well-being. The study underscores that cities must be understood not only as physical infrastructures but also as psychological ecosystems that shape daily experiences.ConclusionThis research concludes that environmental psychology and urban planning form a synergistic and interdependent relationship. Integrating psychological insights into planning processes enhances the creation of environments that support mental health, strengthen social cohesion, and enhance residents' quality of life. The findings demonstrate that:• Environmental psychology acts as a bridge connecting human needs with spatial design.• Urban sustainability requires psychological sustainability, including emotional safety, stress reduction, and supportive social environments.• Human-centered design principles are essential for resilient and equitable urban development.The study recommends embedding environmental psychology into urban policy-making, planning guidelines, and crisis-responsive strategies—especially in the context of climate change, pandemics, and rapid socio-environmental transitions. Future research should include cross-cultural comparisons, longitudinal psychological assessments of urban residents, and deeper investigation of emerging global challenges. Overall, the study contributes a comprehensive scientometric synthesis that clarifies conceptual structures, identifies research gaps, and highlights critical pathways for future interdisciplinary research. https://jspr.jdisf.ac.ir/article_734027.html IntroductionThe contextual basis of this research is the conceptual gap within architectural and urban planning studies regarding the understanding of the reciprocal relationships among key components of the collective mindset in place. In the contemporary fast-paced world, the formation of this mindset, which directly impacts place memorability and place attachment, has become a primary concern. The present problem arises from the frequent neglect of a coherent theoretical framework capable of comprehensively explaining the dynamics among these three key constructs. This mindset is not merely a product of physical interactions but rather a complex outcome of social, historical, and psychological processes. The research problem focuses on this deficit in understanding these interrelations, as well as the urgent need to deeply investigate the socio-cultural impacts of places on these constructs, particularly in societies like Iran, which, despite a rich history, face rapid identity transformations. Accordingly, the primary objective of this research is to elucidate the interactive mechanisms between memorability and place attachment and to analyze the mediating role of the collective mindset in this relationship. More precisely, the goal is to analyze and explain the mental models of theorists concerning this tripartite interaction, thereby identifying factors that contribute to enhancing these connections and exploring their impact on social and cultural identity.The rationale for this research is rooted in addressing existing theoretical weaknesses and the progressive decline in the quality of spatial experience within human settlements. In both theoretical and practical realms of architecture, we often encounter a disjuncture or a reductionist view of these concepts; contemporary urban environments are designed as alienating spaces, lacking the power to generate deep memories or attachment. This not only leads to the weakening of the sense of belonging and reduced social participation but can also result in the erosion of cultural and collective identity. Therefore, this research theoretically aids in bridging the existing conceptual gap and, on a practical level, presents more applied solutions for designers and policymakers to create spaces that reinforce human bonds and collective identity. This is particularly crucial in the revitalization of historic fabrics and the design of vibrant public spaces, potentially assisting in the recovery of indigenous place values. MethodologyTo achieve objectives, a mixed-methods (qualitative-quantitative) research design centered on Q-methodology was employed. Q-methodology is a potent tool for the systematic study of subjectivity and the exploration of perceptual structures regarding complex concepts like place experience. In a unique approach, instead of using human participants, the study utilized the works and perspectives of prominent theorists—such as Kevin Lynch, Christian Norberg-Schulz, Edward Relph, Yi-Fu Tuan, Maurice Halbwachs, Pierre Nora, Jane Jacobs, Altman & Low, Scannell & Gifford, and Dolores Hayden—as representatives of the theoretical population (P-set). This approach facilitated a structured analysis of the existing theoretical discourse. The selection of these theorists was based on theoretical purposive sampling to ensure coverage of a diverse spectrum of viewpoints across architecture, urban planning, environmental psychology, and urban sociology.The research process was executed in several distinct stages. In the first step, identifying the concourse (discourse domain) was conducted through a preliminary literature review and documentary analysis to precisely define the thematic territory and the theoretical population. The second stage was the P-set selection, where purposive sampling of theorists based on specific criteria was performed, and the final list was compiled. The third step, research design, involved revising and refining the research questions and objectives to achieve the final research framework. In the fourth stage, context identification was undertaken through a deeper analysis of the selected works to ensure the coverage and diversity of perspectives. The fifth step, library sampling (concourse extraction), utilized indexing (Fiche-bardari) and qualitative content analysis to extract an initial set of potential Q-statements. The sixth stage, serving as an alternative to pre-interviews, involved a critical re-reading of theoretical texts to extract preliminary statements. In the seventh step, data familiarization was achieved through repeated, in-depth study of the texts and initial coding to reach theoretical saturation regarding the spectrum of viewpoints. The eighth stage was the Q-set development; here, through content analysis and statement refinement, the final set comprising 75 statements (deemed sufficient for theoretical saturation) was compiled.Discussion and ResultThe results from the factor analysis led to the identification of three distinct mental models. Statistical analysis of the data (KMO value = 0.748 and Bartlett's Test significance, p < .001) confirmed the suitability of the data for factor analysis. Based on the Total Variance Explained table and the Scree Plot, two principal factors with Initial Eigenvalues greater than 1 were identified (Factor 1 = 3.949 and Factor 2 = 2.079), which collectively explained 75.350% of the total variance before rotation and 65.607% after rotation. Factor 1 was named "Lived-Experience and Affective Bond with Place"; this factor showed the highest factor loadings for the concepts of "Phenomenology of Place" (P3) with a loading of 0.886 and "Place Identity" (P4) with a loading of 0.782. This pattern emphasizes the importance of the internal, sensory, psychological, and affective dimensions of the human-place relationship and the formation of attachment as an existential and identity-based bond. Factor 2 was named "Collective Memory and Image of the Place." This factor exhibited very high factor loadings for the concepts of "Collective Memory" (P1) with a loading of 0.959, "Places of Memory" (P5) with a loading of 0.963, and "Image of the City" (P2) with a loading of 0.924. This mental model clearly focuses on the collective, symbolic, and visual dimensions of place, indicating that a place's capacity for representing collective memory (aligning with Halbwachs and Nora) and its physical legibility (aligning with Lynch) are foundational to forming a shared perception. In addition to these two principal factors, two auxiliary factors were also extracted: "Reconstruction of Memory and Return to Place Experience" (primarily defined by the "Power of Place" (P7) concept with a loading of 0.973, emphasizing the role of conflict and inequality in memory representation) and "Environmental Holism" (defined by "Integrated Models" (P8) with a loading of 0.898, stressing the need for interdisciplinary and technological approaches). https://jspr.jdisf.ac.ir/article_737897.html Semiotic analysis of space, place, and architectural elements is not as common as in literary arts, because unlike the semiotic system of literature, all of whose components are expressive and interpretable, architecture is more closely linked to structural and functional elements. For this reason, we witness a lack of research in the field of semiotic reading of place. In this study, the authors sought to read the spatial structure of the world's role field using Theo van Leeuwen's theories in social semiotics, because how elements are arranged, combined, and put together in a specific space creates different effects. In architecture, predetermined materials and planning are used to create a place and construct a specific space. However, all these needs include the priorities and thoughts of the creators and clients, which will determine the reading of observers and users. Research of this kind guides us in recognizing and using elements that are rooted in rereading the narrative and the process of formation and continuation of the historical movement of the spaces and places being observed. Methodology The following article is a qualitative research with a social semiotic approach, the data of which were collected in a documentary (by referring to previous texts) and field (by direct observation and interpretation of the visual structure by the authors). The case study of this research is the Naqsh-e Jahan field in Isfahan, which, in addition to its importance and historical and artistic background, has special semiotic values that require a specific theoretical framework such as social semiotics to understand them more fully.Social semiotics originated from Halliday's semiotics and functional linguistics. Functional linguistics creates meaning or role in a practical context. Just as linguistics has changed from grammar to discourse, including the text and context of that text, social semiotics has changed from "sign" to "method of using semiotic resources" in order to create communicative events and interpret them in the context of a specific social situation and actions.Social semiotics is a combination of different dimensions that uses many texts to create meaning, to analyze the process of creating meaning behind complex interactions. That is why it focuses on how semiotic resources are used by people and social institutions, etc. Discussion and resultThe symbolicization of a space through the performance of ceremonies and gatherings increases its value in the eyes of the people. The functions of these spaces are to facilitate the creation of civil order, a place for power with a questioning of the role of political tendencies, and a place for symbolic and social performance and performance. The spatial characterization of public places is as effective in the orientation and perception of people as it is in the environmental qualities.Naqsh-e-Jahan Square was the largest square in the world in the 11th century AH, which is symmetrical to the 17th century AD. The most important parts of this square from the point of view of semiotic values are as follows:Ali-Qapu Building: This building consists of a wide arch that is seen in the center of a solid foundation projecting towards the square.Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque: This building has distinctive features compared to other mosques, including the lack of a minaret, spire, courtyard, and courtyard.Qaysariyeh Gate: In the northern part of the square, there is a magnificent two-story-high arch on both sides of two buildings, with halls on the upper floor. Coclusion The following can be included among the semiotic values of the spatial structure of Naqsh-e Jahan Square: separation (through barriers and walls), reduction (to separate people from the royal sections), balance (with visual elements such as color, pattern, line, etc.), rhythm (with the help of repeating forms to create rhythm), prominence (by directing the viewer's gaze towards the indicative elements as an anchor and reference point in visual perception), scale and size (with expanse, volume, and elevation to refer to the power and territory of the Safavid government), details (with the help of aligned elements, tall columns, the overhang of the palace porch, etc.), placement (by utilizing the values of spatial and conceptual relationships to represent a city at the center of the world and a square at the center of the city), contradiction (between broken and smooth lines), and contrast (between cold and warm colors). https://jspr.jdisf.ac.ir/article_736487.html IntroductionThe transformation of urban environments in contemporary cities has increasingly distanced spatial structures from their cultural roots, generating identity crises and visual homogenization across diverse contexts. In response, the discourse on urban landscape has shifted toward cultural and identity-oriented paradigms that regard landscape not merely as a physical composition but as a medium of social meaning and collective memory. Within this framework, local identity emerges as a decisive factor shaping the perceptual and aesthetic qualities of urban space, ensuring cultural continuity and social cohesion. This study investigates the role of local identity in forming the urban landscape patterns of Urmia—a culturally diverse city in northwestern Iran—and develops a policy framework aimed at enhancing landscape quality through the integration of indigenous cultural values. The research addresses a significant theoretical and practical gap in Iranian urban studies, where the relationship between cultural identity and landscape morphology remains underexplored, and planning policies often neglect the symbolic and social dimensions of place.Methodology The study adopts a mixed-method approach combining causal–comparative and survey techniques. Quantitative data were collected from 384 Urmia residents, selected via Cochran’s formula and stratified random sampling to represent all five municipal zones. A structured Likert-scale questionnaire measured eight cultural dimensions—historical, literary–artistic, economic, political–diplomatic, ecological, religious, ethnic–local, and ethical–perfection—and their correlations with urban landscape indices such as visual quality, diversity of spatial forms, and perceptual coherence. Data were validated for reliability using composite reliability, Cronbach’s alpha, and average variance extracted (AVE), and were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression models. Complementary expert analysis was conducted to derive strategic policy orientations, integrating empirical findings into a comprehensive policy framework for identity-oriented landscape governance.Discussion and ResultFindings reveal that all cultural dimensions contribute to the formation of Urmia’s urban landscape with varying magnitudes and mechanisms of influence. Among them, the “culture of perfection”—a composite construct reflecting ethical, spiritual, and humanistic values—exerted the strongest impact (β = 0.796, p < 0.001), indicating that moral and value-driven cohesion serves as a critical foundation for aesthetic harmony and collective belonging. The “economic culture” (β = 0.691) and “historical culture” (β = 0.689) followed in significance, emphasizing the dual role of functional vitality and heritage continuity in maintaining urban identity. The “literary–artistic culture” demonstrated a considerable correlation (β = 0.574), reinforcing the idea that aesthetic symbolism and local art practices enrich urban readability and sensory engagement. Likewise, the “ethnic–local culture” (β = 0.575) enhanced spatial diversity and social inclusiveness, particularly in districts characterized by strong multiethnic interaction. In contrast, “religious” and “technological–organizational” cultures showed limited effects, suggesting that modern urban governance in Iran has increasingly detached spiritual and managerial domains from the experiential and symbolic layers of space.The analytical synthesis underscores a multidirectional and reciprocal relationship between culture and landscape: while cultural values inform the configuration and perception of urban form, the spatial structure simultaneously reinforces or transforms collective cultural expression. This interdependence positions the urban landscape of Urmia as both a mirror and a mediator of local identity. The dominance of ethical and perfection-oriented values signifies the persistence of human-centered worldviews in Iranian cultural consciousness, where spatial meaning extends beyond visual form toward moral and social order. The interaction between economic and historical cultures further reveals that sustainability of the landscape depends not only on preserving material heritage but also on embedding economic vitality within culturally resonant urban fabrics. Moreover, the influence of artistic and ethnic dimensions highlights the importance of participatory cultural production in creating legible, inclusive, and emotionally engaging urban environments.Building on these insights, the study formulates five strategic policy axes for identity-oriented landscape governance: (1) **Historical dimension** – revitalizing historic cores and incorporating local narratives in urban design to reinforce collective memory; (2) **Artistic dimension** – integrating vernacular arts and crafts into urban façades, furniture, and public spaces to enhance aesthetic coherence; (3) **Economic dimension** – linking creative economies and cultural tourism with sustainable urban development to generate place-based value; (4) **Ethnic–local dimension** – reflecting cultural diversity through inclusive design processes and supporting community-led cultural initiatives; and (5) **Ethical–perfection dimension** – institutionalizing moral and cultural values in planning through cultural charters, training programs, and performance assessment tools. Together, these strategies propose a transition from a “landscape of power,” dominated by top-down aesthetic regulations, toward a “landscape of culture,” shaped by shared meaning and civic participation.The results have broader theoretical and practical implications. Theoretically, they contribute to the emerging body of knowledge linking local identity with urban landscape quality, demonstrating that cultural variables can be empirically measured and integrated into planning frameworks. The findings confirm that landscape quality is not a static visual property but a dynamic synthesis of cultural narratives, collective values, and spatial experience. Practically, the research offers a policy model adaptable to other culturally diverse Iranian cities, providing a pathway for embedding identity-oriented approaches in urban design, regeneration, and heritage management. By aligning urban policy with cultural continuity, cities can foster resilience, belonging, and aesthetic integrity in the face of modernization pressures. The Urmia case illustrates that sustainable urban landscapes emerge when cultural memory, creative expression, and moral values are intertwined within spatial planning, ensuring that the city’s evolution remains rooted in its local identity rather than abstract global templatesConclusion Overall, this study demonstrates that the revitalization of urban identity in Iranian cities requires a paradigm shift—from material reconstruction to cultural regeneration—wherein urban landscapes are re-envisioned as living narratives of place. Integrating indigenous cultural dimensions into planning and governance can thus transform landscapes from passive physical environments into active cultural systems that sustain meaning, continuity, and community well-being. https://jspr.jdisf.ac.ir/article_737898.html IntroductionPublic urban spaces have traditionally been studied through Gehl’s framework of necessary, optional, and social activities. Emerging interactive technologies, however, are reshaping these patterns by mediating encounters and altering motivations, rhythms, and spatial use. Chaharbagh Abbasi in Isfahan, with its high walkability, mixed uses, and social significance, provides an ideal case to examine this shift. An agent-based model was developed to simulate how technology changes the distribution, co-occurrence, and intensity of these activities, revealing broader transformations in urban interaction.Theoretical FrameworkThe theoretical framework of this study builds upon classical and contemporary perspectives on urban space and social interaction. Traditionally, urban spaces have been shaped by cultural, social, and economic forces, and their vitality has been understood to depend on human presence and face-to-face interaction. Gehl’s typology of necessary, optional, and social activities emphasizes that improved environmental quality enhances opportunities for social interaction, reinforcing urban liveliness. Similarly, Lefebvre’s conception of space as both product and producer of social relations highlights the centrality of interaction in shaping urban identity.In recent decades, rapid technological transformation has fundamentally reconfigured the meaning and function of urban space. With the emergence of interactive technologies, smart infrastructures, and spatial data networks, cities have evolved into hybrid environments where physical and digital layers coexist. Technology no longer acts merely as a supportive tool but as an interactive agent capable of shaping user behavior and mediating new forms of engagement. Consequently, interaction in contemporary urban space is no longer limited to human–human encounters; it now encompasses human–technology and technology–technology relations, giving rise to hybrid spatial experiences and redefining the components of interaction—actors, goals, temporalities, spatial settings, and modes of exchange.These shifts challenge traditional urban design criteria, which relied primarily on human-scale, visibility, accessibility, and face-to-face engagement. As technological infrastructures become integral to urban experience, new criteria such as environmental interactivity, data integration, spatial adaptability, and responsive behavior emerge as determinants of design quality. Urban spaces must now support dynamic, multi-agent patterns of interaction shaped by both human and technological actors.Grounded in this conceptual transition, the present research employs agent-based modeling to examine how evolving interaction goals—from human-human to human-technology and technology-technology—reshape behavioral patterns in urban environments. The study argues that understanding these transformations is essential for redefining urban design principles in the era of intelligent, interactive spaces.MethodologyThis applied study used a mixed-method and descriptive-analytical approach to examine how interactive technologies reshape social interaction goals in urban spaces. A systematic review of 120 articles and field observations along Chaharbagh-e-Abbasi in Isfahan identified key environmental, human, and technological variables, which were integrated into an agent-based model (ABM). Sensitivity analysis assessed the influence of design and technological factors on interaction goals, and model reliability was confirmed (RMSE = 0.0316; R² = 0.618).Results and DiscussionThe systematic review of ISI publications (2019–2024) and comparison with recent empirical studies indicate that physical variables remain the primary drivers shaping the three classic categories of interaction goals—necessary, optional, and social activities—despite the growing influence of digital technologies. Urban space type, spatial legibility, accessibility, flexibility, functional diversity, enclosure, and scale each exert distinct effects on interaction goals, with open public spaces showing the highest capacity for social interactions. Social–cultural variables, including population density, perceived crowding, cultural diversity, social inclusiveness, and sense of belonging, were found to play an even deeper role in shifting interactions from necessary toward optional and social forms.Technological parameters—such as digital connectivity, public Wi-Fi, sensor density, interactive devices, adaptive spatial programming, and affordability of digital services—demonstrated a transformative influence, expanding hybrid (physical–digital) interactions and significantly increasing optional and social activities. Environmental variables such as lighting, acoustic diversity, symbolic elements, greenery ratio, and thermal comfort functioned as perceptual mediators that strengthened or weakened the likelihood of different interaction goals.The agent-based model developed for Chaharbagh-e Abbasi simulated 1,500 human agents and technology-augmented agents based on the identified parameters. Using a logistic choice model with normal noise allowed agents to simultaneously pursue one or more goals, reflecting contemporary hybrid behavior patterns. The model generated 2,616 interactions, showing that agents, on average, performed more than one purposeful action—indicating a shift from “presence-based behavior” to “action-based behavior.” The distribution of interactions revealed a structural change in public-space use: 24.7% necessary, 36% optional, and 39.3% social activities. This confirms a declining dependence on physical space for necessary tasks and a growing dominance of selective, experiential, and socially oriented presence.Model outcomes illustrated that social and optional activities often co-occurred, producing fluid, short-lived, and rapidly forming clusters—consistent with Whyte’s observations of group dynamics in pedestrian spaces and intensified by digital mediation. Furthermore, 21.8% of all interactions were connected to individuals or services outside the physical space, reflecting the emergence of “connected presence” and the dissolution of spatial–temporal boundaries. Overall, the findings show that while physical and socio-cultural variables structure interaction patterns, technological parameters fundamentally redefine interaction goals, driving a transition toward hybrid, optional, and socially oriented behaviors in contemporary urban public spaces.ConclusionThis study shows that high technological penetration fundamentally reshapes interaction goals in urban spaces. Necessary activities have shifted to digital layers, while optional and social interactions dominate, often in hybrid forms. Technology drives exploratory behaviors, extends interaction beyond physical presence, and creates a “digital–spatial identity.” Consequently, experiential qualities—such as legibility, activity diversity, greenery, comfort, and perceived safety—become critical. Chaharbagh exemplifies a multi-layered urban space where interaction is guided more by technological and experiential opportunities than by functional necessity. https://jspr.jdisf.ac.ir/article_735152.html IntroductionPhysical inactivity is a pressing global health concern, exacerbated in modern urban environments by sedentary lifestyles. In Iran, it is a major risk factor for prevalent non-communicable diseases like heart disease and diabetes. Concurrently, rapid urbanization and growing dependence on private vehicles have worsened environmental issues and diminished active transportation. Public transit systems, notably metros, offer a sustainable alternative that can alleviate congestion, improve air quality, and inherently promote physical activity by requiring walking for access and egress. Despite these potential benefits, the integration of health impact assessments into transport planning is often overlooked. This study addresses this gap by conducting a health economic evaluation of the Dowlat Abad Metro Station in Tehran, inaugurated in 2019. The primary aim is to quantify the health benefits, specifically in terms of prevented premature deaths and associated economic savings, arising from the increased physical activity facilitated by the station. Theoretical FrameworkThis research is grounded in the methodology of Health Impact Assessment (HIA) and utilizes the World Health Organization's Health Economic Assessment Tool (HEAT) for walking and cycling (Kahlmeier et al., 2023). The theoretical basis is supported by robust epidemiological evidence establishing a continuous, dose-response relationship between physical activity and health; higher activity levels correlate with a reduced risk of all-cause mortality and diseases such as cardiovascular conditions. The study draws on international literature confirming that proximity to public transport, especially rail-based metros, is inversely associated with obesity rates, primarily due to the integration of walking into daily commutes. For economic valuation, the HEAT framework primarily employs the Value of a Statistical Life (VSL) approach, which estimates the societal economic value placed on reducing the risk of premature death.Methodology The study applied the WHO's HEAT methodology within the context of Tehran. The standard HIA process—comprising screening, scoping, appraisal, and reporting—was followed. Data were collected via a survey of 213 users of the Dowlat Abad Metro Station to capture travel patterns, including walking times to/from the station, trip frequency, and socio-demographic data. The core analysis calculated avoided premature deaths attributable to the metro-induced physical activity. Key parameters included: 1- Physical Activity Volume: Based on average walking times of 11-15 minutes (access) and 5-10 minutes (egress), converted into Metabolic Equivalent of Task (MET) expenditure;2- Relative Risk (RR): A value of 0.81 for 660 MET-minutes/week was used to link activity to mortality risk reduction;3- Population Attributable Fraction (PAF): Calculated as PAF = (RR-1)/RR to determine the fraction of preventable deaths;4- Avoided Mortality (E): Estimated using E = PAF × B × P, where B is Tehran's baseline mortality rate and P is the exposed population; 5- Economic Valuation: Benefits were monetized using both the official Iranian "Diyah" (blood money) and Iran-specific VSL estimates.Discussion and resultSurvey findings indicated the station is mainly used by a young, educated population for work and study, with most users walking to and from it. The health appraisal revealed significant outcomes: the station's use prevents an estimated 68 premature deaths annually, equating to 1,020.6 Years of Life Lost (YLL) prevented (range: 719.4–1,321.8 YLL). Economically, using the "Diyah" value (1.2 billion tomans per life) yielded annual savings of 1,632,960 million tomans. A more precise analysis using Iran-specific VSL data estimated savings of 452 billion tomans per year. These results align with global studies using HEAT, affirming that the health gains from active travel outweigh risks like air pollution. They underscore that metro investments are not merely transport solutions but also crucial public health interventions. The discussion notes that the metro's impact is mediated by local factors, such as the quality of the pedestrian environment around stations. While the metro expands "activity spaces," maximizing its health potential requires supportive urban design, including safe pathways for the "last mile" of the journey.ConclusionThis study demonstrates that the Dowlat Abad Metro Station has yielded substantial health and economic benefits for Tehran by promoting physical activity. The prevention of dozens of premature deaths and the generation of significant financial savings highlight the important co-benefits of investing in sustainable public transport infrastructure. The research underscores the necessity of integrating health considerations into urban and transport policy from the outset, advocating for a move beyond sectoral silos. It concludes that while metro development is a necessary step for improving population health, it is not sufficient on its own. To fully realize its potential, it must be coupled with complementary measures such as creating safe pedestrian and cycling infrastructure and promoting mixed land use. Future research should conduct prospective HIAs before project implementation and utilize longitudinal designs and localized data to enhance the accuracy of impact assessments. https://jspr.jdisf.ac.ir/article_737899.html recent decades, the recognition of social components affecting citizens’ behavior has emerged as a central theme in contemporary urban planning and design. The growing body of research on creative cities emphasizes that the quality and vitality of public spaces are not solely the outcome of physical or architectural interventions; rather, they are profoundly shaped by the social dynamics, behavioral patterns, and cultural identities of citizens who engage with these spaces. Within this paradigm, public squares and plazas—particularly those with historical and cultural significance—serve as critical laboratories for observing the interplay between social life and the urban environment. The present research is motivated by this theoretical orientation and seeks to identify the social components that influence the formation of creative urban spaces, using Naqsh-e Jahan Square in Isfahan as its case study.Naqsh-e Jahan Square is one of the most distinguished public spaces in Iran and the world, inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List. As a multifunctional urban node that historically integrated political, economic, religious, and cultural dimensions, it continues to attract large numbers of local residents and international visitors. This unique position renders the square an ideal site for studying the ways in which social factors contribute to creativity in urban space. The research problem arises from the question: which social components, manifested in citizens’ behavioral patterns, play the most significant role in shaping and enhancing creative urban space? Answering this question can not only contribute to the theoretical discourse on creative cities but also provide practical insights for the regeneration of historic public spaces across the globe.Methodologically, the study is descriptive–analytical in nature and applied in its objectives. Data collection combined both documentary research and fieldwork. Primary data were gathered through structured questionnaires administered to a representative sample of users of the square, complemented by observations of social interactions and behavioral practices. This mixed-method approach ensured both quantitative rigor and qualitative depth, enabling a holistic understanding of the phenomenon. The questionnaire included items related to perceptions of safety, social diversity, attachment to place, availability of services, and opportunities for social interaction. Statistical analysis was then employed to identify the relative importance of different indicators and to explore correlations among them.The findings of the research highlight seven major indicators that significantly contribute to the formation of a creative urban space. These include: (1) the presence of hangout and behavioral anchor points, which facilitate informal gatherings and provide a sense of place for different social groups; (2) safety and security, both physical and psychological, which are essential for encouraging inclusive participation in public life; (3) ethnic and cultural diversity, which enriches social interaction and fosters creative exchange among different groups; (4) access to service centers and public amenities, which ensures comfort and sustains prolonged engagement in the space; (5) management of social anomalies and disruptions, which directly affects the perception of order and trust; (6) place attachment and sense of belonging, which strengthen emotional connections to the environment; and (7) social activities and collective practices, which stimulate creativity through shared experiences and cultural expressions.A closer analysis of these indicators reveals that they are not isolated variables but interdependent dimensions of a broader social system. For example, ethnic diversity is most impactful when supported by safety and tolerance, while place attachment grows stronger when citizens experience positive social interactions within well-managed and service-equipped environments. These interrelations underscore the necessity of integrated planning approaches that simultaneously address multiple social factors rather than focusing narrowly on physical design solutions.The research findings have several implications. Theoretically, they contribute to the literature on creative cities by grounding abstract concepts in empirical data from a historically and culturally significant case. They demonstrate that creativity in urban space is not limited to artistic expression or economic innovation but is deeply embedded in everyday social practices. Practically, the results provide urban planners and policymakers with a framework for designing and regenerating public spaces that foster creativity. For instance, in historic squares similar to Naqsh-e Jahan, planners should prioritize interventions that enhance safety, create diverse opportunities for informal socialization, and strengthen residents’ sense of belonging. These strategies can transform such spaces into dynamic arenas of cultural exchange, innovation, and collective memory.Furthermore, the study highlights the importance of adopting a participatory approach in urban regeneration. Citizens, as active users of public spaces, are not merely consumers of urban design but co-creators of spatial meaning. By incorporating citizens’ behavioral patterns and perceptions into the planning process, municipalities and cultural heritage authorities can ensure that interventions resonate with community needs and aspirations. In the case of Naqsh-e Jahan, this means acknowledging the multiplicity of social groups—local families, young people, tourists, and ethnic minorities—and designing inclusive policies that accommodate their diverse practices.Another contribution of the study lies in its emphasis on the role of public spaces in bridging the gap between tradition and modernity. Historic squares like Naqsh-e Jahan are simultaneously repositories of cultural heritage and active stages for contemporary social life. By identifying the social components that sustain creativity, this research shows how heritage spaces can be revitalized without sacrificing their authenticity. This balance is crucial for cities that seek to remain globally competitive while preserving their cultural identity.In conclusion, this research demonstrates that social factors such as hangout points, safety, diversity, services, social order, place attachment, and collective activities are critical for the development of creative urban spaces. Naqsh-e Jahan Square, with its rich historical background and vibrant contemporary usage, provides a compelling case for understanding these dynamics. The study argues that creative urban spaces are not designed solely by architects or planners but are co-constructed through the everyday practices of citizens. The extended framework developed here can serve as a reference for future studies and as a practical tool for policymakers aiming to enhance the creativity and livability of public spaces worldwide. Ultimately, the integration of social components into urban planning contributes to the realization of cities that are not only functional and aesthetically pleasing but also socially vibrant, culturally diverse, and resilient in the face of global change https://jspr.jdisf.ac.ir/article_735190.html The complex developments of cities and the necessity of evidence-based decision-making have highlighted the role of urban observatories as one of the key tools of urban governance. Despite the conceptual and technical development of urban observatories in Iran, the weakness in formal institutional structures and the lack of coherent organizational, legal, and executive frameworks have challenged the efficiency and sustainability of these institutions. The present study aims to develop a formal institutional model supporting the urban observatory of municipalities, focusing on the municipality of Yazd. This study is applied-developmental in terms of purpose and mixed (qualitative-quantitative) in terms of methodology. In this article, stakeholder analysis methods have been carried out using power-benefit matrix analysis, descriptive statistics analysis, and nonparametric Friedman mean and Spearman correlation tests in the SPSS software environment. The results of the analyses show that the urban observatory can be implemented in the Yazd city municipality, and the most important findings from the analyses show that the development of an institutional model supporting the urban observatory consists of evaluation and reporting measures, sustainability and institutionalization, monitoring and supervision, data collection and management, security, rule of law, design and formulation, implementation and implementation of the program and stakeholders. The success and sustainability of the urban observatory requires formal institutional support, a transparent governance structure, an integrated data system, legal and security requirements, active participation of stakeholders, and continuous organizational learning. The proposed model can be used as an operational framework to promote data-based decision-making, transparency, accountability, and improvement of urban management in municipalities. https://jspr.jdisf.ac.ir/article_734142.html Neighborhood-level unsustainability is a pervasive challenge in contemporary cities. Contemporary neighborhoods frequently lack the social, spatial, and institutional conditions necessary to function as resilient communities; where such conditions persist, they are often weakened by inappropriate spatial transformations. Indigenous knowledge in Iran contains conceptual resources for understanding and addressing these processes, but these resources have been partially neglected and require reinterpretation to align with modern urban contexts. This study develops a conceptual framework to clarify sustainability concepts and to define normative criteria and measurable indicators for assessing neighborhood sustainability in Isfahan. First, the study identifies core sustainability dimensions across social, economic, and environmental domains. Next, it operationalizes these dimensions by specifying indicators and metrics designed to move assessment toward a continuous, adaptive process. Employing a qualitative methodology grounded in analytical field ethnography and an interpretive approach, data were collected through participatory observation, non-intrusive photographic and video documentation, unstructured interviews, and field notes; data analysis followed systematic content-analysis procedures. Findings indicate that the extracted indicators exhibit substantial desirability within the Sangtarashha neighborhood center. Based on these results, the study proposes targeted interventions to enhance the neighborhood’s long-term sustainability. The proposed framework aims to be transferable to similar urban contexts and to inform policy and community-led initiatives.Neighborhood instability constitutes a central and escalating problem in urban environments, yet scholarly and practical frameworks that integrate local knowledge with contemporary sustainability assessment tools remain limited—especially in the Iranian context. This research aims to fill that gap by developing a robust framework that synthesizes theoretical and empirical perspectives on sustainability and produces actionable norms and indicators for neighborhood-level assessment and intervention.Keywords: Neighborhood sustainability; community formation; indigenous knowledge; Sangtarashha; IsfahanExtended Abstract:Background and Aim:Neighborhood instability constitutes a central and escalating problem in urban environments, yet scholarly and practical frameworks that integrate local knowledge with contemporary sustainability assessment tools remain limited—especially in the Iranian context. This research aims to fill that gap by developing a robust framework that synthesizes theoretical and empirical perspectives on sustainability and produces actionable norms and indicators for neighborhood-level assessment and intervention.Conceptual Framework:The research adopts a tripartite conceptualization of sustainability—social, economic, and environmental—each operationalized through specific subdimensions. Social sustainability encompasses social cohesion, civic participation, place attachment, and cultural continuity. Economic sustainability includes local economic vitality, livelihood diversity, informal and formal economic opportunities, and resident economic resilience. Environmental sustainability covers the quality and accessibility of public space, ecological management, service provision, and adaptive infrastructural practices. The framework emphasizes iterative assessment: indicators are selected both for diagnostic clarity and for their capacity to inform ongoing, adaptive planning and community action.Methodology:A qualitative, analytical ethnographic approach was employed with an interpretive orientation. Primary data collection methods included:• Participatory observation to capture everyday social interactions and spatial practices;• Non-intrusive photographic and video documentation to record physical conditions and land-use patterns;• Unstructured interviews with residents, local leaders, and stakeholders to elicit emic perspectives; and• Detailed field notes for contextualization.• Collected data were subjected to thematic content analysis, employing systematic coding procedures to identify patterns, strengths, vulnerabilities, and potential leverage points for intervention.Findings:Analysis revealed that the indicators derived from the framework corresponded strongly with residents’ perceptions and observable conditions in Sangtarashha. In particular, socio-cultural assets—such as localized networks of reciprocity, place-based identities, and informal institutions—emerged as prominent strengths that could be leveraged to support broader sustainability objectives. Economic indicators highlighted both opportunities (small-scale commerce, adaptive livelihoods) and constraints (limited access to formal employment and capital). Environmental indicators showed mixed outcomes: while some public spaces exhibited strong use-value and social importance, infrastructural and ecological deficits limited their full sustainability potential.Conclusions and Recommendations:The study concludes that combining indigenous knowledge with a structured, indicator-based framework provides a viable approach for diagnosing neighborhood sustainability and designing context-sensitive interventions. Recommendations include:• Strengthening local institutions and community networks to harness social capital for collective action;• Supporting microenterprises and local economic diversification through targeted financial and capacity-building programs;• Implementing incremental, low-cost environmental interventions to improve public-space quality, water management, and service delivery; and• Establishing participatory monitoring mechanisms that use the proposed indicators to guide iterative planning.Implications and Future Research:This framework contributes a practical tool for urban practitioners and planners seeking to integrate cultural-contextual knowledge into sustainability assessment. Future research should operationalize the indicators quantitatively, validate the framework across diverse neighborhoods, and pilot intervention packages with longitudinal evaluation to measure impacts over time. https://jspr.jdisf.ac.ir/article_731949.html Extended AbstractIntroductionIn today’s world, cities have transformed into complex and dynamic environments that significantly affect people’s daily lives. Uncontrolled urban development, population growth, climate change, and depletion of natural resources are among the factors that have posed serious challenges to urban quality of life. One of the most critical challenges is air pollution, which has become a global issue, threatening the physical and mental health of citizens. Amol, as one of the key cities in Mazandaran Province, faces challenges such as air pollution, a lack of green spaces, and insufficient attention to human dimensions in urban design.The reduction of green spaces due to uncontrolled construction and the lack of sustainable design principles has deprived residents of access to relaxing and recreational areas. This situation not only negatively impacts the physical and mental health of citizens but also reduces social interactions, increases feelings of loneliness and loss of identity among residents, and ultimately leads to increased public dissatisfaction.Given Amol’s unique natural and cultural characteristics, the integration of nature into urban architectural design as a strategy for improving quality of life is more essential than ever. Green spaces and natural elements, in addition to enhancing the aesthetic appeal of urban environments, can help reduce pollution, alleviate stress, foster social interactions, strengthen the sense of belonging, and preserve the cultural and natural identity of the city. Accordingly, this study aims to identify effective strategies for integrating nature into modern architectural design to improve the quality of urban life in Amol.Research MethodologyThis study, which investigates the impact of nature integration into urban architectural design on the quality of life of Amol residents, employs a descriptive-analytical and quantitative methodology. The primary tool for data collection is structured questionnaires, comprising 42 objective and subjective indicators across social, economic, environmental, and physical dimensions. The indicators were selected based on literature review, fundamental theories, and analysis of residents’ needs to provide precise and comprehensive information about the factors influencing quality of life.The collected data was analyzed using SPSS software. Quantitative data was examined through descriptive and inferential statistical methods, including mean, standard deviation, correlation analysis, and regression analysis. These methods helped identify relationships between quality of life indicators and the influencing factors, with results presented in both quantitative and qualitative formats.Simple random sampling was used, and the sample size was determined to be 385 questionnaires based on Cochran’s formula. The questionnaires were randomly distributed among residents of various areas in Amol to ensure representation of real opinions and experiences. Prior to final distribution, the reliability and validity of the tool were evaluated using Cronbach’s alpha test, which yielded acceptable reliability results with a Cronbach’s alpha above 0.7.FindingsThe findings indicate that Amol residents are highly satisfied with certain quality-of-life indicators such as social participation and a sense of security. Specifically, the security and safety indicator, with a mean score of 3.8, ranked the highest, reflecting residents’ relative sense of security. Designing well-lit and safe public spaces can enhance this feeling and lead to a reduction in crime rates within the community. The social participation indicator, with a mean score of 3.6, ranked second, underscoring the importance of social interactions in improving quality of life. These interactions can be fostered through social and cultural events held in public spaces.However, the environmental quality indicator, with a mean score of 3.2, received the lowest ranking, highlighting the urgent need for improved environmental infrastructure and expanded green spaces in Amol. Air pollution and the reduction of green spaces are among the major issues faced by residents. Modern architectural design must focus on preserving and creating green spaces while reducing environmental pollution to improve environmental quality and provide a healthier living environment.Regression analysis revealed that access to public services, with a coefficient of 0.45, has the strongest impact on quality of life. This indicator, which includes access to healthcare, education, and public transportation services, was identified as a key factor in improving quality of life. Moreover, security and safety (coefficient 0.30), environmental quality (coefficient 0.25), and social participation (coefficient 0.20) also significantly influence quality of life.ConclusionThe findings of this study demonstrate that integrating nature into urban architectural design can have significant impacts on residents’ quality of life. Improving environmental quality through the creation and maintenance of green spaces and the reduction of air pollution is identified as a top priority. Additionally, designing public spaces that promote social interactions can strengthen the sense of belonging to the environment and enhance overall quality of life.This study also emphasizes that urban planners must simultaneously address social, economic, and environmental dimensions to make effective decisions for sustainable development and improving quality of life. The results of this research can serve as a resource for identifying challenges and opportunities and providing practical solutions to improve urban living conditions in Amol. Sustainable urban design that incorporates nature not only enhances quality of life but also preserves the cultural and natural identity of the city, contributing to long-term development.