Urbanization in the Republic of TürkiyeState reforms against the relative weakness of learning from society

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Research Assistant, Tehran municipality's Research and Planning Center, Tehran, Iran

2 Professor, Urban Planning Department, Faculty of Architecture and Urban planning, University of Art, Tehran, Iran

Abstract
This article is part of a larger study that examines urbanization in non-English speaking countries. Due to the lack of sources in Farsi or English, the experiences of these countries (which in many cases have common issues with Iran) are less accessible to Iranian readers. In this regard, this article, focusing on the neighboring country of Turkey, has tried to identify the characteristics of urban planning in this country and introduce its shortcomings and problems. This article can provide a possibility for a comparative study in addition to the mentioned goal. To create the possibility of evaluation and adaptation, Friedman's quadruple framework is used to categorize urban planning methods. The review of sources is done in a narrative format and by the contemporary history of late Ottoman and Turkey. In the framework of this narrative, urban planning methods are expressed from specialized (and limited and scattered) sources in English and sometimes using evidence and media news and reviewing them, and at the end, they are analyzed using the introduced theoretical framework. Based on this, the important shortcomings of Turkey's urban planning and suggestions to solve them are discussed, the most important of which is the weakness in learning from the society and unilateral insistence on state-led reforms without paying enough attention to the background culture. 

Keywords

Subjects


  1.  

    1. Adamiyat, Fereydoun (1969). Amir Kabir and Iran. Tehran: Kharazmi Publications. [In Persian]
    2. Akhbari, Mohammad (2004). Geography of Neighboring Countries: Turkey. Tehran: Armed Forces Geographical Organization Publications. [In Persian]
    3. Tashtan, Cheshkon (2013). “Interview with Andisheh Pooya Magazine.” Andisheh Pooya, (13): 41. [In Persian]
    4. Ghasemi, Saber (1995). Turkey. Tehran: Institute for the Printing and Publishing of Foreign Affairs. [In Persian]
    5. Mortazavi, Mehdi (2013). Local Management and Urban Governance: With a Focus on the Urban Management Structures of Japan, South Korea, Turkey, and France. Tehran: Center for Studies and Planning of Tehran City. [In Persian]
    6. Mosenen, Aydin (2013). “Interview with Ph.D. Students in Turkey(?).” Andisheh Pooya, Issue (13). [In Persian]

     

    1. Ahmad, Feroz, 2003, Turkey: the Quest for Identity, Oxford: Oneworld.

    ­8. Almendinger, Philip, 2002, Towards a Post-positivist Typology of Planning Theory, Journal of Planning Theory 1(1): 77-99.

    1. Ayataç, Hatice, 2007, The International Diffusion of Planning Ideas: The Case of Istanbul, Turkey, Journal of Planning History 6(2): 114-137.
    2. Baharoglu, Deniz & Josef Leitmann, 1998, Coping strategies for infrastructure: How Turkey's spontaneous settlements operate in the absence of formal rules, Habitat International, Volume 22, Issue 2: 115-135.
    3. Ceylan Kiziltaş, Aybike, 2010, Role of Design Control on Urban Form: Çayyolu Ankara, PhD Dissertation, Ankara: Middle East Technical University.
    4. Dewey, John, 1916, Democracy and Education, New York, MacMillan.
    5. Dincsoy, Enver Erdnic, 2010, Regional and Sectoral Disparities in Turkey, Phd Dissertation, Japan: Okayama University.
    6. Eldem, Edhem, Daniel Goffman & Bruce Masters, 1999, The Ottoman city between East and West, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press .
    7. Erkut, Gülden, 2008, EU Territorial Policy and the Planning Agenda in Turkey, TPR, 79 (1): i-vi
    8. Friedmann, John, 1987, Planning in the Public Domain; from Knowledge to Action, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
    9. Friedmann, John, 1973, Re-tracking America: A Theory of Transactive Planning, New York: Anchor.
    10. Gedikly, Bahar, 2004, The Strategic Spatial Planning and Its Implementation in Turkey: the Şanliurfa Provincial Development Planning Case, PhD Thesis, Ankara: Middle east Technical University.
    11. Gedikli, Bahar, 2009, The Role of Leadership in the Success of Participatory Planning Processes; Experience from Turkey, European Urban and Regional Studies 16(2): 115- 130.
    12. Gocek, Fatma Muge. Library of Modern Middle East Studies: Transformation of Turkey: Redefining State and Society from the Ottoman Empire to the Modern Era. London, US: I.B.Tauris, 2011.
    13. Güzey, Özlem, 2014, Neoliberal Urbanism Restructuring the City of Ankara: Gated Communities as a New Life Style in a Suburban Settlement, Cities 36: 93- 106.
    14. Istanbul Belediyesi Broşürü, 1943, Güzelleşen Istanbul [The Beautification of Istanbul], Istanbul: İstanbul Belediyesi Yayini.
    15. Kacar, Duygu, 2010, Ankara, a Small Town, Transformed to a Nation's Capital, Journal of Planning History 9(1): 43- 65
    16. Karakayaci, Özer, 2015, Relational and Institutional Approaches to Planning Issues in Turkey, Megaron: 10(4): 580- 594.
    17. Kayasü, Sarap & Emine Yetişkul, 2014, Evoloving Legal and Institutional Frameworks of Neoliberal Urban Policies in Turkey, METU Journal of the Faculty of Architecture, 31(2): 209-222.
    18. Keyder, Caglar, 2005, Globalization and Social Exclusion in Istanbul, International Journal of Urban and regional research 29(1): 124- 134.
    19. Kilinç, Gökçen, Hüseyin Özgür & Genç F. Neval, 2012, The Possible Sources of Ethical Issues in Urban/Physical Planning in Turkey, Turkish Studies 13(1): 45-65.
    20. Özdemir, Aydin; Metin Başal & Fürüzan Aslan, 2010, Participatory Planning at MESA-KORU: Toward a More Sustainable Future, Archnet-IJAR 4(1): 42-56.
    21. Zurcher, Erik J., 1998, Turkey: a Modern History, London: I. B. Tauris.
    22. Turkish Statistical Institution, http://www.turkstat.gov.tr, retrived on November, 2016.
    23. libguides.csu.edu.au.