recent decades, the recognition of social components affecting citizens’ behavior has emerged as a central theme in contemporary urban planning and design. The growing body of research on creative cities emphasizes that the quality and vitality of public spaces are not solely the outcome of physical or architectural interventions; rather, they are profoundly shaped by the social dynamics, behavioral patterns, and cultural identities of citizens who engage with these spaces. Within this paradigm, public squares and plazas—particularly those with historical and cultural significance—serve as critical laboratories for observing the interplay between social life and the urban environment. The present research is motivated by this theoretical orientation and seeks to identify the social components that influence the formation of creative urban spaces, using Naqsh-e Jahan Square in Isfahan as its case study.Naqsh-e Jahan Square is one of the most distinguished public spaces in Iran and the world, inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List. As a multifunctional urban node that historically integrated political, economic, religious, and cultural dimensions, it continues to attract large numbers of local residents and international visitors. This unique position renders the square an ideal site for studying the ways in which social factors contribute to creativity in urban space. The research problem arises from the question: which social components, manifested in citizens’ behavioral patterns, play the most significant role in shaping and enhancing creative urban space? Answering this question can not only contribute to the theoretical discourse on creative cities but also provide practical insights for the regeneration of historic public spaces across the globe.Methodologically, the study is descriptive–analytical in nature and applied in its objectives. Data collection combined both documentary research and fieldwork. Primary data were gathered through structured questionnaires administered to a representative sample of users of the square, complemented by observations of social interactions and behavioral practices. This mixed-method approach ensured both quantitative rigor and qualitative depth, enabling a holistic understanding of the phenomenon. The questionnaire included items related to perceptions of safety, social diversity, attachment to place, availability of services, and opportunities for social interaction. Statistical analysis was then employed to identify the relative importance of different indicators and to explore correlations among them.The findings of the research highlight seven major indicators that significantly contribute to the formation of a creative urban space. These include: (1) the presence of hangout and behavioral anchor points, which facilitate informal gatherings and provide a sense of place for different social groups; (2) safety and security, both physical and psychological, which are essential for encouraging inclusive participation in public life; (3) ethnic and cultural diversity, which enriches social interaction and fosters creative exchange among different groups; (4) access to service centers and public amenities, which ensures comfort and sustains prolonged engagement in the space; (5) management of social anomalies and disruptions, which directly affects the perception of order and trust; (6) place attachment and sense of belonging, which strengthen emotional connections to the environment; and (7) social activities and collective practices, which stimulate creativity through shared experiences and cultural expressions.A closer analysis of these indicators reveals that they are not isolated variables but interdependent dimensions of a broader social system. For example, ethnic diversity is most impactful when supported by safety and tolerance, while place attachment grows stronger when citizens experience positive social interactions within well-managed and service-equipped environments. These interrelations underscore the necessity of integrated planning approaches that simultaneously address multiple social factors rather than focusing narrowly on physical design solutions.The research findings have several implications. Theoretically, they contribute to the literature on creative cities by grounding abstract concepts in empirical data from a historically and culturally significant case. They demonstrate that creativity in urban space is not limited to artistic expression or economic innovation but is deeply embedded in everyday social practices. Practically, the results provide urban planners and policymakers with a framework for designing and regenerating public spaces that foster creativity. For instance, in historic squares similar to Naqsh-e Jahan, planners should prioritize interventions that enhance safety, create diverse opportunities for informal socialization, and strengthen residents’ sense of belonging. These strategies can transform such spaces into dynamic arenas of cultural exchange, innovation, and collective memory.Furthermore, the study highlights the importance of adopting a participatory approach in urban regeneration. Citizens, as active users of public spaces, are not merely consumers of urban design but co-creators of spatial meaning. By incorporating citizens’ behavioral patterns and perceptions into the planning process, municipalities and cultural heritage authorities can ensure that interventions resonate with community needs and aspirations. In the case of Naqsh-e Jahan, this means acknowledging the multiplicity of social groups—local families, young people, tourists, and ethnic minorities—and designing inclusive policies that accommodate their diverse practices.Another contribution of the study lies in its emphasis on the role of public spaces in bridging the gap between tradition and modernity. Historic squares like Naqsh-e Jahan are simultaneously repositories of cultural heritage and active stages for contemporary social life. By identifying the social components that sustain creativity, this research shows how heritage spaces can be revitalized without sacrificing their authenticity. This balance is crucial for cities that seek to remain globally competitive while preserving their cultural identity.
In conclusion, this research demonstrates that social factors such as hangout points, safety, diversity, services, social order, place attachment, and collective activities are critical for the development of creative urban spaces. Naqsh-e Jahan Square, with its rich historical background and vibrant contemporary usage, provides a compelling case for understanding these dynamics. The study argues that creative urban spaces are not designed solely by architects or planners but are co-constructed through the everyday practices of citizens. The extended framework developed here can serve as a reference for future studies and as a practical tool for policymakers aiming to enhance the creativity and livability of public spaces worldwide. Ultimately, the integration of social components into urban planning contributes to the realization of cities that are not only functional and aesthetically pleasing but also socially vibrant, culturally diverse, and resilient in the face of global change