Journal of Urban Studies on Space and Place

Abstract The weakening of livelihood assets of local communities and poverty in the general sense is one of the fundamental challenges in the world, especially in developing societies. Due to the special economic and environmental conditions of the country, Iran is not exempt from this and many of its regions and settlements are facing livelihood challenges. Because the country of Iran has different conditions in its different regions due to the inclusion of a wide range of human and environmental conditions; The way of dealing with the factors affecting the livelihood of the households living in its areas is different from each other and it is necessary to take appropriate measures according to the specific conditions governing each one, which requires the identification of the main factors affecting the livelihood.
The current research method is of applied type and using the method of future research, interviews were conducted with key people in the settlements of Maneh township (118 settlements) in the form of inductive research and using the fundamental theory method, cross effects analysis, and Mic Mac software have been analyzed and evaluated in a combined way.
The research results indicate the unstable conditions of livelihood assets in the residential areas of Maneh. However, various factors are involved in the destabilization of the livelihood structure of the city. However, among these factors, those directly related to humans and their activities have had the most impact, and since most of these factors have high uncertainty, the way to deal with them should be appropriate to the changing conditions.

Abstract Urban health reflects the total social, physical, environmental, and infrastructure conditions that affect the well-being and quality of life of citizens living in a city. Therefore, in addition to health issues, the total social, economic, physical, and environmental aspects describe the state of urban health. Among the mentioned dimensions, social problems undeniably affect the choice opportunities of citizens in the city, their interpretation of the conditions, their interaction with others, and health-oriented behavioral orientations in the city. Considering the importance of social themes in the realization of urban health, the present study attempted to describe the social indicators of urban health and its contexts using a systematic review method while examining related studies. The findings show that the social indicators of urban health can be redefined as "population dynamics, social harms, inclusion, social capital, business, education, and lifestyle." Also, the descriptive social adverb for these indicators implies considering the characteristics of flexibility, relativity, attention to meanings, context, and process perception. Constructive indicators in fields such as population dynamics, education, and business can be explained using registration data, or because their counting and calculation methods are defined quantitatively and globally, they can follow the same pattern. However, other fields, such as social harm, inclusion, lifestyle, and, exceptionally, social capital, involve context-based studies. A study that, based on the distinctive characteristics of cities, will even lead to selecting and prioritizing a field and excluding other fields from description and investigation.

Abstract Urban land use is the central core of urban planning and the axis of sustainable urban development. Evaluating and analyzing urban land uses based on optimal ecological patterns and standards in urban communities is an undeniable necessity. This research aims to quantitatively assess and analyze the level of land use development in the current situation within Region 15 of Isfahan City from the perspective of a healthy city. Region 15 of Isfahan was annexed to the city of Isfahan in the year 2013 and differs in terms of land use development compared to other areas of the city.
In line with the objective, this research is both applied and descriptive-case study and analytical. Data collection utilized document analysis and questionnaires, while data analysis employed the standards of a healthy city, the Location Quotient (LQ) coefficient model, and a one-sample t-test. The research findings indicate that the development status of land uses in services such as commercial, educational, health, parks and green spaces, sports, cultural, and religious sectors within Region 15 of Isfahan, in comparison to the per capita benchmarks of healthy cities, the provincial standards of the Supreme Council of Urban Planning and Architecture, the proposed benchmarks of the Isfahan detailed plan revision, and the current overall benchmarks of Isfahan city is undesirable and inappropriate. Additionally, the t-test analysis reveals that the accessibility status concerning the indicators of a healthy city from the citizens' perspective is also unfavorable. These results suggest that Region 15 of Isfahan requires enhancement in development indicators concerning the basic urban life needs in land use.

Abstract Indifference has been defined as retreating and lack of expected cooperation. Throughout this process, the individual separates him/herself from a particular system of belief or thought. To put it differently, social indifference can be best assumed as an individual’s lack of engagement in social life. The present study aims to measure the degree of social indifference and consequently investigate the degree of urban cooperation alongside different social and construction dimensions among Meymeh citizens. Accordingly, the topic under study has been studied considering variables including urban aesthetics, trust in officials regarding urban planning, and local and state renewal and cooperation. Methodologically, the present study has made use of survey and researcher-made instruments. The sample under study has been randomly selected and includes 400 18-64-year-old Meymeh City citizens during the 2019-2020 period. The results of item synthesis about the degree of social indifference illustrate that social indifference has been measured as 52% (i.e., average level) among most of the study participants.
Moreover, the results suggest a correlation between social indifference and the degree of social cooperation. This study confirms the supposed difference between social and construction cooperation across different neighborhoods. Further, the authors argue that the degree of social indifference is not meant to be the same across different neighborhoods.

Abstract Considering the problems and diseases caused by the pollution, due to industrial centers in cities, the government must consider solutions, such as imposing a tax on pollutants. Green tax is considered one of the most effective tools of financial policies through which the local policymakers can direct the economic and social activities to sustainable development. A green tax rate is an environmental fee charged to companies for emitting pollution. This type of tax has an obvious role in controlling polluting industries and thus determining their environmental performance in the city. However, in the polluted cities of the country, the city administration does not pay much attention to this tax. On the other hand, economic institutionalists have emphasized the relationship between the growth of economic activities and the type of political and economic institutions. Therefore, in this article by game theory approach, the different motivations of local policymakers in determining the green tax are investigated. The green tax rate is considered as a policy tool, and the reaction of polluting industries in choosing the level of investment will also indicate the amount of pollution created. Based on the results, the policymakers take a dual approach to the private and public polluting industries. Assuming the independence of the polluting industries from the government, the policymakers with the motivation of maximizing income, seek to determine the optimal green tax rate. But assuming that the polluting industries have economic benefits for the government, they tend to set the green tax rate lower than the optimal value. Such a rate increases the investment level of polluting industries and the resulting pollution for neighboring cities.
JEL classification: P48. C73. H21. O43.

Abstract The relationship between what the city receives from the environment and what the environmental geography transforms into an urban environment in terms of its internal capacity (urban settlement) and its functional roles (urban habitation) leads to the formation of the desirable "spatial capacities" index. The purpose of this research is to identify and conceptually establish the factors that make up the urban headquarters from the point of view of the capacities of the urban place. Achieving this goal by using the analytical-adaptive method to compare the existing schools has been to develop a theory to recognize the concept of urban headquarters. The findings of this research show that the constituent components of urban headquarters can be identified in three categories: static, active, and functional, and in all stages of the urban life cycle, they lead to the definition of the environmental and geographical capacities of cities in the form of the concept of urban headquarters. Recognizing and expanding the idea of the constituent components of an urban center with an emphasis on its conceptual separation from other concepts similar to urban planning, as well as a focus on the coordination between different dimensions of the city location, are the most critical points of this research. Human interventions in the environmental capacities of cities cause a difference in the capacities of the existing urban headquarters, with available capacities, and change the components of the urban headquarters. Because urban capacities, more than any factor of urban and social geography, are related to existential capacities and environmental realities. As a result, for the spatial stability of cities, it is necessary to organize the components of the city center.