Journal of Urban Studies on Space and Place

Abstract Extended Abstract
Introduction
The present research addresses the pivotal challenge of aligning architectural education with the inherent spatial capacities of indigenous environments. The core issue identified in this study is the lack of comprehensive frameworks within architectural curricula that integrate indigenous spatial knowledge with contemporary design mechanisms. Traditional architectural education often overlooks the nuanced interactions between local spatial capacities and human-environment relationships. This oversight results in architects who are less equipped to incorporate indigenous patterns into modern interventions, consequently diminishing the contextual integrity of architectural outputs. The research highlights the necessity to redefine the indigenous architecture course content by recognizing the environmental, cultural, and socio-spatial characteristics of various locales.
The primary objective of this study is to develop an educational framework that bridges the gap between indigenous spatial patterns and contemporary architectural practices. By doing so, the study aims to offer a pragmatic approach to reproducing indigenous architectural concepts within the context of modern design challenges. Through this endeavor, the research seeks to enhance students' capacity to perceive, analyze, and apply local spatial capacities in architectural solutions that are both sustainable and contextually responsive.
The necessity of this research stems from the increasing demand for sustainable and contextually grounded architectural practices. Environmental degradation, loss of cultural identity, and the homogenization of urban spaces have underscored the importance of place-based approaches in architectural education. Addressing these challenges requires a curriculum that fosters a deeper understanding of spatial capacities unique to each locale. The research asserts that embedding such knowledge within architectural education can significantly improve the quality of designed environments and promote cultural resilience in built forms.
Methodology
Methodologically, the study adopts a qualitative thematic analysis approach. This method is chosen due to its capability to identify and interpret patterns within qualitative data, particularly in complex and multi-dimensional subjects like architecture. The research process involves a systematic review of 60 books and 50 scholarly articles, selected from an initial pool of over 200 studies. The stages of research include data collection, coding, theme identification, and the development of a theoretical framework that connects indigenous spatial knowledge with contemporary architectural design.
The research progresses through several structured stages. The initial phase involves defining the research problem by identifying gaps in the current indigenous architecture curriculum. This is followed by sample selection from relevant literature to ensure a comprehensive understanding of the subject. Data collection is performed through a meticulous examination of textual sources, with an emphasis on identifying themes related to indigenous spatial patterns and their contemporary applications.
The next stage involves converting data into textual formats for coding and analysis. Familiarization with the collected data allows for the initial identification of key themes and concepts. The coding process is conducted based on theoretical principles, focusing on core elements relevant to the research's hypothesis. Descriptive coding further refines the data by categorizing it based on specific attributes linked to the themes of indigenous architecture.
Subsequently, the study searches for themes that encapsulate broader patterns observed in the data. These themes are reviewed and refined to ensure their relevance and coherence with the research objectives. Key thematic areas identified include spatial capacities, indigenous environmental interactions, and the cultural implications of architectural practices. The refinement process leads to the naming and defining of core themes that align with the educational goals of the indigenous architecture course.
Result and discussion
Achieving theoretical saturation is crucial to ensuring that all relevant dimensions of the research problem are comprehensively covered. The study revisits earlier phases to validate the robustness of the identified themes and their interconnections. Data analysis involves creating a thematic network that visually represents the relationships between themes and sub-themes. This network facilitates a holistic understanding of indigenous spatial knowledge and its pedagogical integration.
Further analysis involves synthesizing the thematic findings into a cohesive curriculum framework for the indigenous architecture course. This framework comprises 16 thematic combinations that align behavioral objectives with identified spatial capacities. The curriculum design includes detailed lesson plans, covering time allocations, lesson topics, key content, teaching methods, and contextual materials for each of the 16 sessions.
The study's key findings reveal that indigenous spatial patterns hold significant potential for enhancing architectural education. Themes such as environmental sustainability, cultural identity, and spatial adaptability emerge as central concepts that can enrich the indigenous architecture curriculum. The research demonstrates that incorporating indigenous knowledge into architectural education can foster more sustainable and culturally resonant design practices.
Conclusion
The final conclusion emphasizes the importance of integrating indigenous spatial knowledge into architectural curricula to address contemporary design challenges. The proposed curriculum framework can serve as a model for other architectural courses, promoting a holistic and context-sensitive approach to architectural education. By acknowledging and utilizing indigenous spatial capacities, the study advocates for a paradigm shift in architectural pedagogy, aligning theoretical knowledge with practical design applications.
The practical implications of this research extend beyond academic settings. By fostering a deeper understanding of local spatial capacities, future architects can create designs that are more attuned to environmental and cultural contexts. This approach not only enhances the sustainability of built environments but also strengthens the cultural continuity of architectural practices. The study underscores the need for continuous adaptation and evolution of architectural curricula to reflect the dynamic interplay between place, culture, and design.

Abstract Extended Abstract
Introduction
Rapid urbanization necessitates sustainable urban development, particularly optimizing urban form due to land and environmental resource limitations. Modern urban growth often overlooks traditional solar access, resulting in energy imbalances and urban heat islands, as exemplified by the poor air quality in Baharestan and Isfahan in 2019. There's an urgent need for solutions to increase building density while ensuring direct sunlight, thermal comfort, and reduced energy consumption. Algorithmic processes, especially parametric design, offer a novel approach to optimizing urban morphology for multiple, often conflicting objectives, such as maximizing building footprint and courtyard area while ensuring solar access. This study addresses this gap by presenting an integrated model for urban form organization in Baharestan City using multi-criteria algorithms and a solar envelope approach. The main objective is to propose an urban form organization algorithm for Baharestan, analyzing solar light reception and resulting energy in outdoor spaces. Sub-objectives include creating vertical green space patterns, proposing optimal urban block design rules, and developing a climate-optimized multi-variable algorithm for urban development. Ultimately, this research aims to foster a more sustainable city by maximizing building volume using the solar envelope method.
Theoretical Framework
The study integrates "compact city" principles – optimizing land use, increasing density, and promoting mixed-use development – with the "low-carbon energy city" theory, which focuses on reducing greenhouse gas emissions through energy optimization and the use of renewable sources. Solar access is fundamental to both, enabling natural illumination and reducing heating and cooling demands. Multi-criteria algorithms are crucial here, as they balance conflicting sustainability objectives (e.g., maximizing area versus solar access). The solar envelope defines maximum building heights while preserving solar access. Evolutionary computations provide tools for exploring sustainable urban forms. Recent urban planning research has increasingly leveraged Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) algorithms, combined with advanced computational techniques such as machine learning and genetic algorithms, to achieve optimal urban design.
Methodology
This research is applied-developmental, providing a practical and generalizable algorithmic modeling approach for urban design that combines documentary, analytical, and modeling methods. Multi-criteria algorithms like Wallacei are chosen because urban design problems often involve conflicting objectives (e.g., maximizing footprint vs. solar access). These algorithms provide Pareto optimal solutions for complex decision-making.
In the modeling phase, 5000 simulations using the Wallacei multi-criteria algorithm selected the optimal urban layout for residential blocks, maximizing building footprint and courtyard area. Subsequent analyses included solar radiation energy, sky dome coverage, and solar access hours in outdoor urban spaces. Baharestan City, Isfahan (51E, 32N), was the case study, with Meteonorm climate data validated using data from the Isfahan Shahid Beheshti Airport station.
The parametric solar envelope calculation defines direct solar access conditions. Steps involved: 2D site modeling in Rhinoceros; importing EPW weather data into Ladybug plugin to set solar radiation and minimum temperature (20°C, 475 W/m² on December 21st); determining shading boundaries (1.5-2m above ground); setting modeling time (8:00 AM-4:00 PM on December 21st); and generating a 30m maximum height geometric polygon for the solar envelope. The 35-hectare Baharestan study area was divided into five blocks. Rhinoceros 6 SR30, Grasshopper v1, and DecodingSpaces 2020 were used for parametric modeling. After the initial division (Figure 1), 5,000 multi-criteria parametric models were run via Wallacei (Figures 2 and 3). Eight optimal options per area were selected, maximizing building potential and courtyard area (Figure 4). Solar envelope structures were determined for each building on December 21st (the lowest sun angle), considering shadow lines (1.5-2m) and the maximum buildable height (30m), which defined the permissible volumes. Final building volumes were obtained by placing solar envelope volumes in 3-meter voxels to ensure winter sunlight access (Figure 5).
Results and Discussion
Climate data indicated Baharestan's outdoor environment requires direct sun for comfort for six months and shade for four months (Figure 6). Buildable space categorization showed high density (Table 1). Over 95% of open spaces in all five blocks received more than 1000 kWh/m² of solar energy annually, suggesting potential for energy self-sufficiency (Figure 7). Sky dome access averaged over 70% in outdoor spaces and floor plans, aiding natural light utilization (Figure 8). Solar access hours in December (the shortest day) consistently showed over 35 hours of direct sunlight across most urban areas (Figure 9).
Conclusion
This research successfully developed a comprehensive framework for optimizing sustainable urban form in Baharestan using parametric design and multi-criteria algorithms. The Wallacei genetic algorithm facilitated the evaluation of 5,000 models, yielding optimal layouts. The findings align with previous studies on the impact of urban form on environmental sustainability, particularly in terms of solar access and thermal comfort. The study's innovation lies in its simultaneous optimization of conflicting objectives: maximizing building footprint, courtyard area, and solar access. The integrated, climate-optimized algorithm effectively handles complex urban design challenges in specific climates. Its high efficiency is evidenced by over 1,000 kWh/m² of solar radiant energy in 95% of areas, over 70% sky dome access, and over 35 hours of solar access in the shortest month. These results directly address the issues of energy consumption and air pollution in cities like Isfahan. The method facilitates urban green spaces on building levels and significantly meets daylight needs. This research enriches parametric design and multi-criteria algorithms, offering an efficient tool for urban planners to create more sustainable and resilient cities.

Abstract Extended Abstract
Introduction
In today's world, where children grow up mostly in closed spaces and urban environments, intelligently designing play and educational spaces that provide opportunities for sensory experiences, discovery, and interaction with the environment plays a key role in the flourishing of children's creativity and cognitive development. The present study aims to compare how children experience space and interact with the environment in two modes: natural/open and constructed/closed, and to identify spatial characteristics that are effective in the emergence and development of children's creativity.
Methodology
 This research is of an applied type, and in terms of its implementation method, it has a descriptive-comparative design seeking to identify the role of the environment in the emergence of creativity in preschool children and to provide principles for designing appropriate spaces for this age group. In this study, five components of creative thinking, including "fluidity", "initiative", "flexibility", "expansion", and "total creativity", were assessed using the Torrance Standard Test (TTCT). The statistical population of this study consisted of preschool children living in Region 2 of Maragheh County. From this population, two sample groups were selected, which were active in open and closed environments, respectively. Sampling was carried out purposively and based on specific criteria (such as age, educational level, and type of activity environment) to allow for effective comparison between the two groups.

This research is derived from the master's thesis of architecture titled "Designing a children's ecological garden with the approach of promoting creativity in the city of Maragheh" and was carried out under the guidance of Dr. Azita Bilali Eskoui at Tabriz University of Islamic Arts.

Result and discussion
 The findings of the present study showed that direct interaction with the natural environment plays a significant role in strengthening and developing children's creativity; so that children who were active in an open and natural space showed a substantial increase in the components of creative thinking (fluency, originality, flexibility, expansion, and overall creativity) compared to the group who were active in a traditional kindergarten environment. In this study, the effect of space type on creativity components was examined separately; the results showed that the "innovation" component in open space and the "flexibility" component in closed space had the most significant growth, which indicates the different effects of environments on various dimensions of creative thinking.
Conclusion
The results of this research showed that the type of learning environment has a significant effect on the different components of preschool children's creativity. The findings indicated that the children who worked in the natural open environment (Economic Garden) had a significant improvement in all components of creativity, especially in the "initiative" component. This clearly shows that spaces rich in natural stimuli, freedom of interaction, sensory diversity, and direct experience opportunities provide a suitable platform for the growth of innovation power, generation of innovative ideas, and strengthening of creative thinking in children. On the other hand, the group that worked in the closed environment of the kindergarten, although their overall creativity growth was more limited, showed the most significant increase in the "flexibility" component. This issue can indicate that closed environments, by providing specific frameworks and mental order, can help to develop the ability to change the thought path, adapt to the rules, and practice cognitive displacement. In sum, the findings of this research showed that both types of environment (open or closed) with their unique characteristics can act as an effective stimulus in the development of specific dimensions of creativity. Therefore, the purposeful and balanced combination of open and closed space, according to their different effects on the components of creativity, can be the basis for the all-round growth of creativity in children and provide a favorable platform for the formation of flexible, innovative, and problem-oriented minds in the future generation.
 

Abstract Extended Abstract
Introduction
Terrorist attacks, which are one of the most dangerous security challenges in the contemporary world, have painful effects on society and social, political, and economic structures. Over the past two decades, terrorist attacks with religious and political motives have been increasing (Budo et al., 2019; Koehler, 2016). This phenomenon has spread a sense of insecurity and anxiety among different countries and societies; therefore, analyzing the vulnerability caused by these attacks seems necessary. The scientific study of terrorism and counterterrorism has witnessed explosive growth today, with a large number of studies addressing the threat of terrorism and examining how to mitigate such threats (Bakshi & Pinkler, 2018; Dessler, 2002), predict (Campedella et al., 2021; Dessler, 2002; Python et al., 2021), and describe (Jaspersen & Montibler, 2020). Although counterterrorism efforts have led to improved technologies, more resilient targets, and increased security personnel, terrorists continue to seek to identify vulnerabilities in existing systems and infrastructure, a fact that reflects the adaptive nature of terrorists, which has motivated much work using game theory to study strategic interactions between defenders and adversaries (Hunt & Zhang, 2024).
Although this breadth of research history demonstrates a highly advanced understanding of how and why terrorism occurs, there are key gaps in the place and time of emergence of the terrorism threat; therefore, the important issue of the present research is to what extent each urban use is attractive to terrorist attacks. Ranking and assessing the attractiveness of each use plays a significant role in identifying vulnerabilities and calculating the resilience of cities against terrorist threats; because in terrorist threats, especially bombing operations, in addition to the attacked use itself, adjacent uses within the explosion radius are also affected, and in practice, it increases vulnerability and reduces resilience in this area and can be a very influential indicator.Considering the above issues, this article seeks to answer the following questions:
What indicators are effective in determining the target points of terrorist attacks?
hat incentives and barriers exist in the path of planning and carrying out terrorist attacks in urban environments?
What scenarios can be implemented to reduce the impact of terrorist attacks in urban environments?
How practical are scenarios in reducing threats?
Research Methodology
The present study is classified as applied-developmental research in terms of research type and descriptive-analytical research in terms of research nature. The research method employed in this study is a descriptive-analytical approach. First, using library and internet resources, the history of terrorist attacks was examined, along with their impact on various urban uses. Next, the effective indicators for evaluating the attractiveness of urban uses in the context of terrorist attacks were identified. Then, the types of uses and micro-uses were extracted from different sources. By designing a questionnaire, the scores for each indicator were obtained based on the opinions of experts. Then, using the RANCOM multi-criteria decision-making method, the weight and importance of each indicator were obtained. Finally, using the PIV decision-making method, the attractiveness of each micro-use was ranked.
Result and discussion
Calculating the weight of indicators for evaluating the attractiveness of urban uses against terrorist attacks
The RANCOM decision-making method was employed to determine the weights of the indicators. In this regard, the results obtained from the questionnaires were first analyzed using SPSS software. Then, the priority of the weights was determined, which is the first stage of the RANCOM method, and a pairwise comparison matrix was subsequently formed. The collective weight of the criteria was then calculated, and finally, the final weight of each indicator was obtained.
According to the elite community of this research, the damage and casualties index has the highest weight, because, based on the behavior of terrorists, they try to attack applications that cause the most damage and casualties in order to create more fear and panic in society. The threat history index is ranked second and weighs 0.267. The population density index is ranked next, with a weight of 0.2, and finally, the two indicators of secondary damage and continuity of essential services are ranked.
Calculating the rank and weight of micro-user attractiveness using the PIV method
In this stage of the research, the nature of the criteria was first determined. Then, using the results obtained from the analysis of the questionnaires in SPSS software with a reliability of 96%, a decision-making matrix was formed based on the PIV method, which included five indicators and 65 micro-users. Next, the matrix was normalized, and using the results of the RANCOM decision-making method, in which the weights of each indicator were obtained, the weighting of the normalized decision-making matrix was performed. Then, the distance criterion and the collective value of the distance were calculated. Finally, the weight and rank of each micro-user were determined, and the results are presented in Table 6.
Conclusion
Based on the results obtained from the urban commercial centers of the market, wholesale is ranked first in terms of attractiveness to users for terrorist attacks, the main reason being the large population during this holiday. In addition to commercial shops, this center now includes many other areas such as cinemas, game centers, etc., which, if carried out by a terrorist attack, would cause a lot of human casualties and create much panic in the city. In second place, the micro-utilization of airports with a score of 0.158 are ranked second due to population density and the importance of their services, followed by military command centers in third place, oil and gas infrastructure in fourth, border control centers in fifth, and port facilities in sixth. Religious sites, hospitals, military and law enforcement headquarters, and courts and prosecutors’ offices are ranked in the subsequent positions. These findings are consistent with the data from the GTD database in 2024.

Abstract Extended Abstract
The present study aimed to identify urban spaces and services with crowdsourcing capabilities in Isfahan Municipality. The statistical population of the present study comprised all places and services of Isfahan Municipality, as well as all municipal planning officials at the deputy and organizational levels. Seventy people were purposefully selected and assigned to 7 specialized panels of 12 people, one for each deputy, consisting of 2 experts in organizational transformation (university professors), four process specialists from the municipality, four staff owners, and two executive owners. Organizational transformation experts and process experts collaborated on all specialized panels. After being reviewed by the legal committee, the services of Isfahan Municipality were evaluated in three rounds of specialized groups using the Delphi technique and Kendall's agreement coefficient. The results showed that the spaces and services of the municipal deputy departments, the civil deputy department, the urban development deputy department, the finance deputy department, and the planning deputy department were unable to provide public services. Only the spaces and services of the three municipal services, the Cultural Deputy Department, and the Traffic Deputy Department can provide public services, with Kendall agreement coefficients of 0.898, 0.962, and 0.940, respectively. In the field of urban services, 12 services were identified as capable of providing public services. In the cultural field, seven services were identified as capable of delivering public services, and in the traffic field, two services were identified as capable of providing public services. The findings of the present study can inform the provision of public services to the municipality.
Introduction
The increasing complexity of urban management and the need for efficient, cost-effective public service delivery have led municipalities worldwide to explore participatory approaches such as crowdsourcing. Crowdsourcing—delegating tasks traditionally performed by government entities to the public—can enhance service quality, reduce operational costs, and foster civic engagement. This study aimed to identify urban spaces and services within Isfahan Municipality that are suitable for crowdsourcing, ensuring that delegation aligns with legal, operational, and managerial frameworks.
Isfahan, as one of Iran's major metropolitan areas, faces challenges in service delivery due to budget constraints, bureaucratic inefficiencies, and growing citizen expectations. By determining which services can be effectively crowdsourced, the municipality can optimize resource allocation, enhance responsiveness, and foster stronger community participation. The research focused on evaluating services across various municipal departments, assessing their feasibility for public involvement through expert consensus.
Theoretical Framework
The study was grounded in participatory governance and collaborative public management theories, which emphasize decentralization and citizen involvement in administrative processes. Key theoretical constructs included:

Crowdsourcing in Public Administration: Drawing from Howe's (2006) conceptualization, crowdsourcing in government involves outsourcing tasks to an undefined public through open calls, enhancing innovation and efficiency.
New Public Governance (NPG): This paradigm shifts from hierarchical bureaucracy to networked governance, where citizens and private entities co-produce services (Osborne, 2010).
Organizational Transformation: Theories on change management (Lewin, 1947; Kotter, 1996) were applied to assess how municipal structures could adapt to crowdsourced services.
Legal and Operational Feasibility: The study incorporated regulatory frameworks to ensure that delegated services comply with municipal laws and operational capacities.

The integration of these theories provided a robust foundation for evaluating which services could transition from municipal control to community-based management.
Methodology
The research adopted a qualitative approach, utilizing the Delphi technique to gather expert opinions and reach consensus. The study population encompassed:
-         All urban spaces and services under the Isfahan Municipality's jurisdiction.
-         Municipal planning officials at the deputy and organizational levels.
Sampling and Panel Composition
A purposive sample of 70 experts was selected and divided into seven specialized panels (12 members each), structured as follows:
-         2 Organizational Transformation Experts (university professors).
-         4 Process Specialists (municipal officials with expertise in service delivery).
-         4 Strategic Owners (department heads responsible for policy-making).
-         2 Executive Owners (field managers overseeing service implementation).
The organizational transformation and process specialists participated across all panels to ensure methodological consistency.
Data Collection and Analysis
The study employed three Delphi rounds to refine expert opinions and achieve consensus. Key steps included:

Initial Service Screening: A legal committee reviewed all municipal services to determine eligibility for crowdsourcing.
Delphi Rounds:

-         First Round: Open-ended discussions to identify potential crowdsourceable services.
-         Second Round: Structured questionnaires to rank services based on feasibility.
-         Third Round: Final consensus-building using Kendall's Coefficient of Agreement (W) to measure expert alignment.

Statistical Validation: Kendall's W was used to assess the degree of agreement among panelists (range: 0–1, where higher values indicate stronger consensus).

Results and Discussion
The findings revealed significant variations in crowdsourcing potential across municipal departments:
Services Unsuitable for Crowdsourcing
The study concluded that the following departments lacked feasibility for public delegation due to regulatory, technical, or strategic constraints:
-         Deputy of Urban Development (infrastructure projects requiring specialized expertise).
-         Deputy of Urban Planning (zoning and regulatory functions needing legal oversight).
-         Deputy of Finance (sensitive budgetary and fiscal operations).
-         Deputy of Planning (strategic decision-making requiring centralized control).
Services Suitable for Crowdsourcing
Three departments demonstrated high potential for crowdsourcing, supported by strong expert consensus (Kendall's W > 0.8):

Urban Services Deputy (W = 0.898)

-         12 services identified, including park maintenance, waste collection monitoring, and public space cleanliness.
-         Rationale: High citizen interaction, low technical complexity, and community benefit.

Cultural Deputy (W = 0.962)

-         7 services identified, such as local event organization, public library volunteer programs, and cultural heritage preservation.
-         Rationale: Strong community interest and non-technical nature.

Traffic Deputy (W = 0.940)

-         2 services identified, including traffic violation reporting and pedestrian safety initiatives.
-         Rationale: Citizen observational roles enhancing municipal enforcement.
Key Discussion Points

High Consensus Areas: Cultural and urban services had the highest agreement, reflecting their alignment with participatory governance models.
Barriers to Crowdsourcing: Legal restrictions, data security, and quality control were primary concerns in excluded departments.
Implementation Strategies: The study suggested phased pilot programs, public awareness campaigns, and digital platforms to facilitate crowdsourcing.

Conclusion
This study successfully identified 21 municipal services across three departments in Isfahan that are suitable for crowdsourcing, supported by robust expert consensus. The findings underscore the potential of participatory governance in enhancing service delivery while optimizing municipal resources.
Practical Implications
-         Policy Recommendations: Municipalities should develop crowdsourcing frameworks with clear guidelines, incentives, and oversight mechanisms.
-         Future Research: Longitudinal studies could assess the impact of crowdsourcing on service efficiency and citizen satisfaction.
By leveraging crowdsourcing, the Isfahan Municipality can foster greater civic engagement, achieve cost savings, and enhance operational flexibility, setting a precedent for other Iranian cities.
 

Abstract Terrorist attacks in cities and urban neighborhoods, as one of the significant security threats, have widespread impacts on citizens' daily lives, social stability, and economic development. Cities are prime targets for these attacks due to their population density, financial and political centers, and critical infrastructure. These types of attacks can cause irreparable damage to individuals and structures of society, from an explosion in a metro station to a shooting in a local market. For example, the Paris terrorist attacks in 2015 and the Mumbai bombings in 2008 demonstrated how such incidents not only cause loss of life but also have profound psychological and economic impacts. Terrorism in urban areas is usually designed to create fear and panic among the general public and undermine trust in government institutions. These attacks can completely disrupt public spaces due to the close connection between urban neighborhoods and people's daily lives. They also pose new challenges for security forces and urban planners, requiring more comprehensive strategies to protect urban communities (Hoffman, 2017; Wilkinson, 2016; UNODC, 2020). Between 1970 and 2017, nearly 170,000 terrorist attacks targeting civilians in cities resulted in the deaths or injuries of more than 500,000 people. (Crenshaw, Robison, 2022) These events are often referred to as large-scale disasters (Jat, Rafique, 2020). While natural and artificial hazards share similarities in their destructive potential and management challenges, terrorism stands out as the least recognized risk. This is partly due to the diverse definitions of terrorism, which complicates its understanding compared to other natural hazards (Shreve et al, 2016).
This study seeks to examine the following questions:
1) What are the urban management resilience criteria for combating terrorism?
2) What is the importance of each urban management resilience criterion in decision-making and assessment of the region in question?
3) What are the new policies for increasing urban resilience?
Therefore, this study, using multi-criteria decision-making models with GIS, seeks to measure and evaluate important urban management criteria for combating terrorist attacks and implement the developed conceptual model in a significant case study.
In this study, to address the questions raised, the research method is first presented. Subsequently, using library resources, indicators for assessing the resilience of cities against terrorist attacks were identified, and their weights were calculated using the Delphi technique and decision-making methods. Also, using spatial data from the Bagh-e-Fayz neighborhood in Tehran, the resilience of building parcels in this area against terrorist threats was calculated.
Methodology
The present study is considered an applied research in terms of research type and a descriptive-analytical research in terms of research nature. In this study, urban resilience criteria and indicators were extracted using library studies in the form of a content analysis method, and the effectiveness of the criteria and indicators was evaluated using the IHWP model (Inverse Hierarchy Analysis) in the form of a questionnaire completed by the elite community. The statistical population of the study consisted of 30 experts in the field of passive defense, urban development, and crisis management from the National Passive Defense Organization, the National Passive Defense Scientific Association, the Crisis Management Research Institute of Malek Ashtar University of Technology, and Tehran Municipality, who were selected through expert judgment and the statistical sample of the study was 28 people using the Cochran formula.
Result and discussion
It is worth noting that, according to the scores obtained from the indicators, 10 indicators were selected to examine the study area's resilience against terrorist attacks. The selection of these indicators was based on the limited information available in the area regarding existing GIS layers in the Bagh-e-Faiz neighborhood. The indicators of the second part are; the degree of importance of the use (key asset), access to multi-purpose centers, distance from high-voltage electricity pylons, population density, access to medical centers, access to open and green spaces, access to fire centers, access to law enforcement centers, distance from gas stations, and communication network hierarchy.
In the following, the status of the Bagh-e-Faiz neighborhood is examined according to the 10 aforementioned indicators, and the final map was produced according to Figure (1) by classifying the data into five distinct classes including (very low, low, medium, high, and very high) in terms of resilience against terrorist attacks. The results show that 63.4% of the neighborhood area is in very low resilience, which is in the northern part of the neighborhood and around key assets. 24.32% of the neighborhood is in low resilience, which includes the northeastern and southwestern parts of the neighborhood. 29.34% of the neighborhood is in medium resilience, which is in the central and southern parts of the neighborhood, concentrated in the area of ​​Bahonar Street. 30.88% of the neighborhood is in the high-resilience area, which includes the northern parts of the neighborhood. 10.81% of the neighborhood is in the very high resilience area, which includes the eastern part of the neighborhood.
Conclusion
Urban resilience is of great importance in the face of terrorist attacks, as these attacks can have devastating effects on the security, economy, and social psychology of cities. Urban resilience helps maintain public safety, as resilient cities have a better ability to restore order and reduce chaos after an attack. In addition, by strengthening critical infrastructure such as transportation, energy, and emergency services, resilience can minimize physical damage and maintain the city's essential functions. In the present study, criteria and indicators of resilience of cities against terrorist attacks were identified through library studies and the opinions of various researchers. Data analysis was carried out in two separate sections. In the first section; The impact of indicators on the resilience of cities was evaluated using the IHWP model, and the results show that the following indicators, respectively, are population distribution and density with 33.5 percent, the importance of land uses with 4.8 percent, household size with 4.66 percent, the level of dependence and interaction of infrastructure with 4.26 percent, population growth and correct location with 4 percent, the level of city readability with 3.73 percent, road access with 3.73 percent, indigenous population with 3.33 percent, the proximity and compatibility of land uses with 3.2 percent. The texture and pattern of the city, with 3.2 percent, has the most significant impact on the resilience of cities against terrorist attacks. In the second part of the study, the results of the index scores in the first part were used, and by selecting ten indicators, the resilience of a case study was evaluated in GIS software. The results show that 63.4 percent of the neighborhood area is in very low resilience, which is in the northern part of the neighborhood and around key assets. 24.32 percent of the neighborhood is in the low resilience range, which includes the northeastern and southwestern parts of the neighborhood. 29.34 percent of the neighborhood is in the medium resilience range, which includes the central and southern parts of the neighborhood, concentrated in the area of ​​Bahonar Street. 30.88 percent of the neighborhood is in the high resilience range, which includes the northern parts of the neighborhood. 10.81 percent of the neighborhood is in the very high resilience range, which includes the eastern part of the neighborhood. Comparing the results of the present study with previous research shows that so far, no model has been presented to assess the resilience of cities against terrorist threats that is capable of presenting a resilience map in parcel form, and most of the previous research has focused on the tendencies of terrorists or their tools.