واکاوی الگوهای مفهومی نظریه‌پردازان برای ارتقای خاطره‌انگیزی و دلبستگی به مکان با روش کیو

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار گروه شهرسازی، واحد مشهد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، مشهد، ایران.

2 کارشناس ارشد ، معماری اسلامی، گروه هنر و معماری اسلامی، دانشکده هنر و معماری اسلامی، دانشگاه بین المللی امام رضا ع، مشهد، ایران

10.22034/jspr.2026.2066012.1148
چکیده
مسئلۀ پژوهش بر پایۀ شکاف مفهومی موجود در مطالعات معماری و شهرسازی پیرامون روابط میان مؤلفه‌های کلیدی ذهنیت جمعی در مکان شکل ‌گرفته است. ضرورت آن در پاسخ به ضعف‌های نظری موجود، کاهش کیفیت تجربۀ فضایی در سکونتگاه‌ها و ناتوانی طراحی‌های شهری در ایجاد فضاهای هویت‌مند و مشارکت‌پذیر نهفته است. براین‌اساس، از روش پژوهش ترکیبی (کیفی‌ـ‌کمی) مبتنی بر روش پژوهش کیو استفاده می‌کند. به‌جای استفاده از مشارکت‌کنندگان انسانی، از آثار و دیدگاه‌های نظریه‌پردازان برجسته‌ای همچون کوین لینچ، کریستین نوربرگ‌ـ‌شولتس، ادوارد رلف، یی‌فو توآن، موریس هالبواکس، پیر نورا، جین جیکوبز، آلتمن و لو، اسکنل و گیفورد و دولورس هیدن به‌عنوان نمایندگان جامعۀ نظری بهره گرفته شد. انتخاب این نظریه‌پردازان بر پایۀ نمونه‌گیری هدفمند نظری صورت گرفت تا طیف متنوعی از دیدگاه‌ها در حوزه‌های معماری، شهرسازی، روان‌شناسی محیطی و جامعه‌شناسی شهری پوشش داده شود. ابتدا، دیدگاه‌های نظریه‌پردازان به‌صورت کارت‌های کیو در قالب مجموعه‌ای از ۷۵ گویه استخراج می‌شوند. سپس، با استفاده از تحلیل محتوای منابع علمی، گویه‌های کیو شناسایی و با تحلیل عاملی در نرم‌افزار SPSS دسته‌بندی شدند. سه الگوی ذهنی متمایز (بازنمایی نمادین، پیوند عاطفی با مکان و ویژگی‌های محیطی) شناسایی شدند. بررسی دیدگاه‌ها، عوامل «زیست‌تجربه و پیوند عاطفی با مکان» برآمده از مفاهیم پدیدارشناسی مکان و هویت مکانی و «حافظه و سیمای جمعی مکان» برآمده از مفاهیم حافظۀ جمعی، مکان‌های حافظه و سیمای شهری را به عنوان مهم‌ترین عوامل مؤثر بر ارتقای خاطره‌انگیزی و دلبستگی به مکان آشکارسازی کردند. همچنین عوامل کمکی «بازسازی حافظه و بازگشت به تجربۀ مکانی» و «همه‌جانبه‌گرایی محیطی» نیز استحصال شدند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله English

An Exploration of Theorists' Conceptual Frameworks for Enhancing Place Memorability and Attachment Using Q-Methodology

نویسندگان English

sanaz saeidi mofrad 1
Hadi Farhangdoust 2
1 Associated professor, Department of urbanism ,Ma.C., Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
2 Master of Islamic Architecture, Faculty of Islamic Art and Architecture, Imam Reza International University, Mashhad, Iran
چکیده English

The contextual basis of this research is the conceptual gap within architectural and urban planning studies regarding the understanding of the reciprocal relationships among key components of the collective mindset in place. In the contemporary fast-paced world, the formation of this mindset, which directly impacts place memorability and place attachment, has become a primary concern. The present problem arises from the frequent neglect of a coherent theoretical framework capable of comprehensively explaining the dynamics among these three key constructs. This mindset is not merely a product of physical interactions but rather a complex outcome of social, historical, and psychological processes. The research problem focuses on this deficit in understanding these interrelations, as well as the urgent need to deeply investigate the socio-cultural impacts of places on these constructs, particularly in societies like Iran, which, despite a rich history, face rapid identity transformations. Accordingly, the primary objective of this research is to elucidate the interactive mechanisms between memorability and place attachment and to analyze the mediating role of the collective mindset in this relationship. More precisely, the goal is to analyze and explain the mental models of theorists concerning this tripartite interaction, thereby identifying factors that contribute to enhancing these connections and exploring their impact on social and cultural identity.
The rationale for this research is rooted in addressing existing theoretical weaknesses and the progressive decline in the quality of spatial experience within human settlements. In both theoretical and practical realms of architecture, we often encounter a disjuncture or a reductionist view of these concepts; contemporary urban environments are designed as alienating spaces, lacking the power to generate deep memories or attachment. This not only leads to the weakening of the sense of belonging and reduced social participation but can also result in the erosion of cultural and collective identity. Therefore, this research theoretically aids in bridging the existing conceptual gap and, on a practical level, presents more applied solutions for designers and policymakers to create spaces that reinforce human bonds and collective identity. This is particularly crucial in the revitalization of historic fabrics and the design of vibrant public spaces, potentially assisting in the recovery of indigenous place values. To achieve these objectives, a mixed-methods (qualitative-quantitative) research design centered on Q-methodology was employed. Q-methodology is a potent tool for the systematic study of subjectivity and the exploration of perceptual structures regarding complex concepts like place experience. In a unique approach, instead of using human participants, the study utilized the works and perspectives of prominent theorists—such as Kevin Lynch, Christian Norberg-Schulz, Edward Relph, Yi-Fu Tuan, Maurice Halbwachs, Pierre Nora, Jane Jacobs, Altman & Low, Scannell & Gifford, and Dolores Hayden—as representatives of the theoretical population (P-set). This approach facilitated a structured analysis of the existing theoretical discourse. The selection of these theorists was based on theoretical purposive sampling to ensure coverage of a diverse spectrum of viewpoints across architecture, urban planning, environmental psychology, and urban sociology.
The research process was executed in several distinct stages. In the first step, identifying the concourse (discourse domain) was conducted through a preliminary literature review and documentary analysis to precisely define the thematic territory and the theoretical population. The second stage was the P-set selection, where purposive sampling of theorists based on specific criteria was performed, and the final list was compiled. The third step, research design, involved revising and refining the research questions and objectives to achieve the final research framework. In the fourth stage, context identification was undertaken through a deeper analysis of the selected works to ensure the coverage and diversity of perspectives. The fifth step, library sampling (concourse extraction), utilized indexing (Fiche-bardari) and qualitative content analysis to extract an initial set of potential Q-statements. The sixth stage, serving as an alternative to pre-interviews, involved a critical re-reading of theoretical texts to extract preliminary statements. In the seventh step, data familiarization was achieved through repeated, in-depth study of the texts and initial coding to reach theoretical saturation regarding the spectrum of viewpoints. The eighth stage was the Q-set development; here, through content analysis and statement refinement, the final set comprising 75 statements (deemed sufficient for theoretical saturation) was compiled.
The results from the factor analysis led to the identification of three distinct mental models. Statistical analysis of the data (KMO value = 0.748 and Bartlett's Test significance, p < .001) confirmed the suitability of the data for factor analysis. Based on the Total Variance Explained table and the Scree Plot, two principal factors with Initial Eigenvalues greater than 1 were identified (Factor 1 = 3.949 and Factor 2 = 2.079), which collectively explained 75.350% of the total variance before rotation and 65.607% after rotation. Factor 1 was named "Lived-Experience and Affective Bond with Place"; this factor showed the highest factor loadings for the concepts of "Phenomenology of Place" (P3) with a loading of 0.886 and "Place Identity" (P4) with a loading of 0.782. This pattern emphasizes the importance of the internal, sensory, psychological, and affective dimensions of the human-place relationship and the formation of attachment as an existential and identity-based bond. Factor 2 was named "Collective Memory and Image of the Place." This factor exhibited very high factor loadings for the concepts of "Collective Memory" (P1) with a loading of 0.959, "Places of Memory" (P5) with a loading of 0.963, and "Image of the City" (P2) with a loading of 0.924. This mental model clearly focuses on the collective, symbolic, and visual dimensions of place, indicating that a place's capacity for representing collective memory (aligning with Halbwachs and Nora) and its physical legibility (aligning with Lynch) are foundational to forming a shared perception. In addition to these two principal factors, two auxiliary factors were also extracted: "Reconstruction of Memory and Return to Place Experience" (primarily defined by the "Power of Place" (P7) concept with a loading of 0.973, emphasizing the role of conflict and inequality in memory representation) and "Environmental Holism" (defined by "Integrated Models" (P8) with a loading of 0.898, stressing the need for interdisciplinary and technological approaches).
 

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Q-Methodology
Collective Mindset
Place's Sphere of Influence
Mental Models
Environmental Perception

 

 
1.       Alexander, C., Ishikawa, S., Silverstein, M., Jacobson, M., Fiksdahl-King, I., & Angel, S. (2018). A Pattern Language: Towns, Buildings, Construction (Kindle ed.). Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
2.       Altman, I. (2013). Environment and Culture (Kindle ed.). Berlin: Springer.
3.       Altman, I., & Low, S. M. (Eds.). (2012). Place Attachment (Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1992 ed.). Berlin, Germany: Springer.
4.       Aman, P. (2024, September 23). Social Identity Theory: Understanding Group Identity and Its Impact on Behavior. Retrieved from Facts Everything: https://factseverything.com/social-identity-theory-understanding-group-identity-and-its-impact-on-behavior
5.       Anderson, C. (2024, September 15). What is social identity theory? Retrieved from FOCUS KEEPER: https://focuskeeper.co/glossary/what-is-social-identity-theory
6.       Auge, M. (2009). Non-Places: An Introduction to Supermodernity (2nd ed.). (J. Howe, Trans.) London: Verso.
7.       Awwad, G., Dunagan, L., Gamba, D., & Rayan, T. N. (2025). Collective Memory and Narrative Cohesion: A Computational Study of Palestinian Refugee Oral Histories in Lebanon. arXiv, 2501.13682. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2501.13682
8.       Azarian, R. (2023). Social construction of places as meaningful objects: a symbolic interactionist approach. International Review of Sociology, 33(3), 546-564. doi:10.1080/03906701.2023.2259060
9.       Bachelard, G. (2014). The Poetics of Space (Reprint ed.). London: Penguin Classics.
10.    Bakshi, A. (2014). Urban Form and Memory Discourses: Spatial Practices in Contested Cities. Journal of Urban Design, 19(2), 189-210. doi:10.1080/13574809.2013.854696 [In Persian]
11.    Basso, K. H. (1996). Wisdom Sits in Places: Landscape and Language Among the Western Apache. Albuquerque, New Mexico: University of New Mexico Press.
12.    Behroozi, M., Majedi, H., & Saeede Zarabadi, Z. S. (2022). Explain the Criteria for Promoting a Sense of Attachment to a Place with the Design Led Planning Approach (Parand City). Urban Economics and Planning, 3(4), 52-63. doi:10.22034/uep.2022.365320.1287 [In Persian]
13.    Bell, D., & Valentine, G. (2013). Consuming Geographies: We Are Where We Eat (Kindle Edition ed.). NewYork: Routledge.
14.    Benjamin, W. (2010). The Doll and the Dwarf: Essays on the Philosophy of Language and the Philosophy of History (3 ed.). (M. Farhadpour, & O. Mehregan, Trans.) Tehran: Gaame Noo. [In Persian]
15.    Benjamin, W., Adorno, T. W., & Sontag, S. (2020). Walter Benjamin (15 ed.). (H. Farazandeh, Trans.) Tehran: Markaz Publishing, Book of Mad, Book of Maryam. [In Persian]
16.    Bonnes, M. (2017). Schema Theory and the Role of Socio-Spatial Schemata in Environmental Psychology. In M. Bonnes, & T. Lee (Ed.), Psychological Theories for Environmental Issues (p. 296). London: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315245720
17.    Boyer, M. C. (1996). The City of Collective Memory: Its Historical Imagery and Architectural Entertainments. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Mit Pr.
18.    Boym, S. (2002). The Future of Nostalgia. New York: Basic Books.
19.    BRANDI, C. (2011). Théorie de la restauration. Comptes-rendus, 6. doi:10.4000/ceroart.2155
20.    Brown, S. R. (1980). Political Subjectivity: Applications of Q Methodology in Political Science. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press.
21.    Brown, S. R. (1993). A Primer on Q Methodology. Operant Subjectivity, 16(3/4).
22.    Budiman, M., & Kusno, A. (Eds.). (2025). Collective Memory, Marginality, and Spatial Politics in Urban Indonesia. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan Singapore. doi:10.1007/978-981-97-4304-9
23.    Burgum, S. (2020). This City Is An Archive: Squatting History and Urban Authority. Journal of Urban History, 48(3), 504-522. doi:10.1177/0096144220955165
24.  Cankurt Semiz , S. N., & Özsoy , F. A. (2024). Transmission of Spatial Experience in the Context of Sustainability of Urban Memory. sustainability, 16(22), 9910. doi:10.3390/su16229910
25.    Cassarino, M., & Setti, A. (2016). Complexity As Key to Designing Cognitive-Friendly Environments for Older People. Frontiers in Psychology, 1329. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01329
26.    Castells, M. (2009). The Rise of the Network Society. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.
27.    Cercleux, A.-L., Harfst, J., & Ilovan, O.-R. (2022). Cultural Values, Heritage and Memories as Assets for Building Urban Territorial Identities. societies, 12(6), 151. doi:10.3390/soc12060151
28.    Chadha, A. (2024). Beyond Concrete: The Social Role of Public Spaces in Urban Planning. Retrieved from Rethinking The Future: https://www.re-thinkingthefuture.com/materials-construction/a12199-beyond-concrete-the-social-role-of-public-spaces-in-urban-planning
29.    Chan, C.-S., Zhang, S., & Li, N. (2025). Unveiling the Impact of Collective Memory in Promotional Videos on Wuhan’s Post-Pandemic Travel Intention. Journal of China Tourism Research, 1–28. doi:10.1080/19388160.2025.2457068
30.    Chavoshi, N., Ilbeigi, M., Karimi, M., Asgharzadeh, A., & Behrouzifard , E. (2024). Investigating the relation between emotional and cultural mapping by considering collective memory in Urban design from perspective of citizens (case study: Tehran, Iran). City, Territory and Architecture, 11. doi:10.1186/s40410-024-00234-8 [In Persian]
31.    Chawla, L. (2001). Growing Up in an Urbanizing World. NewYork: Routledge.
32.    Cherry, K. (2024, July 29). What Is Self-Concept? (R. Goldman, Editor) Retrieved from verywell mind: https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-self-concept-2795865
33.    Cole, N. L. (2025, may 15). The Concept of Collective Consciousness. Retrieved from ThoughtCo: https://www.thoughtco.com/collective-consciousness-definition-3026118
34.    Connerton, P. (1989). How Societies Remember. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
35.    Cross, J. E. (2015). Processes of Place Attachment: An Interactional Framework. Symbolic Interaction, 38(4), 493-520. doi:10.1002/symb.198
36.    Danaeifard, H., Hosseini, Y., & Sheikhha, R. (2013). Q Methodology: Theoretical Foundations and Framework for Conducting Research. Tehran: Ishraqi, Saffar. [In Persian]
37.    DEGNEN, C. (2016). Socialising place attachment: place, social memory and embodied affordances. Ageing & Society, 36(8), 1645 - 1667. doi:10.1017/S0144686X15000653
38.    Derrida, J., & Dufourmantelle, A. (2000). Of Hospitality. (R. Bowlby, Trans.) Redwood City, California: Stanford University Press.
39.    Deutsche , R. (1998). Evictions: Art and Spatial Politics. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
40.    Donohoe, J. (2017). Place and Phenomenology (Kindle ed.). Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
41.    Durkheim, E. (2019). The Division of Labor in Society. (G. Simpson, Trans.) Kansas, Missouri: Digireads.com.
42.    Edensor, T. (2005). Industrial Ruins: Space, Aesthetics and Materiality ( Illustrated ed.). Oxford, United Kingdom: Berg Publishers.
43.    Eliade, M. (1987). The Sacred and The Profane: The Nature of Religion. (W. R. Trask, Trans.) San Diego, California: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
44.    Ellemers, N. (2025, April 25). social identity theory. Retrieved from Britannica: https://www.britannica.com/topic/social-identity-theory
45.    Elrasoul, R. (2019, Dec 12). Designing Urban National Memory. Weimar, Denmark: Ph.D Thesis, Thesis advisor:Frank Eckardt, Bauhaus-Universität Weimar, Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, Professorship Urban Studies and Social Research. Retrieved from db-thueringen: https://www.db-thueringen.de/receive/dbt_mods_00061000
46.    Erfani, G. (2022). Reconceptualising Sense of Place: Towards a Conceptual Framework for Investigating Individual-Community-Place Interrelationships. Journal of Planning Literature, 37(3), 452-466. doi:10.1177/08854122221081109 [In Persian]
47.    Erikson, K. T. (2012). Everything in Its Path: Destruction of Community in the Buffalo Creek Flood (Kindle ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster.
48.    Escalera-Reyes, J. (2020). Place Attachment, Feeling of Belonging and Collective Identity in Socio-Ecological Systems: Study Case of Pegalajar (Andalusia-Spain). sustainability, 12(8), 3388. doi:10.3390/su12083388
49.    Fay, B. (2023). Sites of Destruction, Preservation, and Creation: How Working-Class Communities Resist Redevelopment. Retrieved from ANTHROPOLOGY OF ARCHITECTURE: https://www.anthropologyofarchitecture.com/sites-of-destruction-preservation-and-creation-how-do-working-class-communities-resist-redevelopments-demolition-of-heritage/
50.    Fioravanti, H., & Moncusí-Ferré, A. (2022). Memory Politics on a Neighborhood Scale: Uses of the Past in the Historic Center and the Periphery of Valencia (Spain). Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 52(3), 379-403. doi:10.1177/08912416221121341
51.    Fitch, J. C. (2013). Place Identity. In K. D. Keith (Ed.), The Encyclopedia of Cross-Cultural Psychology (p. 1528). Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell. doi:10.1002/9781118339893.wbeccp421
52.    Foote, K. E. (2003). Shadowed Ground: America’s Landscapes of Violence and Tragedy (Revised ed.). Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press.
53.    Fried, M. (2018). Grieving for a Lost Home. In A. Kiev (Ed.), Social Psychiatry (eBook ed., p. 478). London: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780429453496
54.    Gehl, J. (2013). Cities for People (Kindle Edition ed.). Washington, D.C.: Island Press.
55.    Ghaemi, A. (2024, 07 30). Explaining the mechanism of influence or impact on collective historical memory. Retrieved from : https://fekrat.net/article/lnk/73824 [In Persian]
56.    Ghasemi, H., & et.al. (2024). A comprehensive guide to research (20 ed.). Tehran: Andisheh Ara. [In Persian]
57.    Ghaslani, N., Aghalatifi, A., NematiMehr, M., & Nadimi, H. (2024). A Study on Place Memory in Persian language research (An overview of the years 2006-2022). Motaleate Shahri, 13(50), 19-32. doi:10.22034/urbs.2023.139037.4924 [In Persian]
58.    Gibbeson, C. (2020). Place attachment and negative places: A qualitative approach to historic former mental asylums, stigma and place-protectionism. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 71(4), 101490. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2020.101490
59.    Giuliani, M. V. (2016). Theory of attachment and place attachment. In M. Bonnes, & T. Lee, Psychological Theories for Environmental Issues (pp. 294 (137-170)). NewYork: Routledge.
60.    Graci, M. E., Watts, A. L., & Fivush, R. (2018). Examining the factor structure of narrative meaning-making for stressful events and relations with psychological distress. Memory, 26(9), 1220-1232. doi:10.1080/09658211.2018.1441422
61.    Graham, M., & Zook, M. (2013). Augmented Realities and Uneven Geographies: Exploring the Geolinguistic Contours of the Web. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 45(1), 77-99. doi:10.1068/a44674
62.    Grahn, P., & Stigsdotter, U. A. (2003). Landscape planning and stress. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 2(1), 1-18. doi:10.1078/1618-8667-00019
63.    Gülüm, E. (2023). Folkloric memory: (Re)connecting the dots for broader perspectives. Memory Studies, 16(6), 1466-1483. doi:10.1177/17506980231204175
64.    Gurler, E. E., & Ozer, B. (2013). The Effects of Public Memorials on Social Memory and Urban Identity. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 82(3), 858-863. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.06.361
65.    Habraken, N. J. (2000). The Structure of the Ordinary: Form and Control in the Built Environment (Revised ed.). (J. Teicher, Ed.) Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
66.    Halbwachs, M. (2024). On Collective Memory (Kindle ed.). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
67.    Hareven, T. K. (1993). Family Time and Industrial Time. Millburn, New Jersey: University Press Of America.
68.    Harvey, D. (1996). Justice, Nature and the Geography of Difference. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell.
69.    Hasani Mianroudi, N., Majedi, H., Saeide Zarabadi, Z. S., & Ziari, Y. (2018). Exploring Concept of Collective Memory and its Retrieval in Urban Areas with Semiotic Approach (Case study: Hasan-Abad square). The Monthly Scientific Journal of Bagh-e Nazar, 14(56), 17-32. [In Persian]
70.    Hashemi Toghraljerdi, S., Safaverdi, A., & Erfani, M. (2019). Investigating the factors affecting the memorability of a place with reference to religious buildings. The Scientific-Specialized Quarterly Journal of New Research in Urban Planning in the World, 1(3), 77-89. [In Persian]
71.    Hatami Khaneqhai, T., Zargar, A., & Sartipipour, M. (2016). Applying Q method to Identify and Prioritize Rural Housing Design Aspects. Soffeh, 25(4), 113-132. doi: 20.1001.1.1683870.1394.25.4.6.8 [In Persian]
72.    Hayden, D. (1998). The Power of Place: Urban Landscapes as Public History (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
73.    Heidegger, M. (2008). Being and Time (Reprint ed.). New York: Harper Perennial Modern Classics.
74.    Herzog, T. R., & Kropscott, L. S. (2004). Legibility, Mystery, and Visual Access as Predictors of Preference and Perceived Danger in Forest Settings without Pathways. Environment and Behavior, 36(5), 659-677. doi:10.1177/0013916504264138
75.    Hester, R. (1984). Planning Neighborhood Space With People (Subsequent edition ed.). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
76.    Hirsch, M. (2012). Family Frames: Photography, Narrative and Postmemory. Scotts Valley, California: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
77.    HogoNext. (2024, 07 23). How to Enhance Community Identity Through Spatial Planning. Retrieved from HogoNext: https://hogonext.com/how-to-enhance-community-identity-through-spatial-planning/
78.    Holland, A. C. (2010). Emotion and Autobiographical Memory. Phys Life Rev, 7(1), 88–131. doi:10.1016/j.plrev.2010.01.006
79.    Homayouni, E., Pourmahabadian, E., & Razaghi Asl, S. (2021). A comparative study on the effect of environmental psychology and Existential Psychology on the efficiency of employees in office buildings according to the characteristics of human geography in Shahrekord. Geography (Regional Planning), 11(42), 19-44. doi:20.1001.1.22286462.1400.11.2.2.2 [In Persian]
80.    Hubner, E., & Dirksmeier, P. (2022). Geography of placemories: deciphering spatialised memories. cultural geographies, 30(1), 103-121. doi:10.1177/14744740221123564
81.    Huyssen, A. (2003). Present Pasts: Urban Palimpsests and the Politics of Memory. Redwood City, California: Stanford University Press.
82.    Ingold, T. (2021). The Perception of the Environment. London: Routledge.
83.    Ittelson, W. H. (1974). Introduction to Environment Psychology. Austin, Texas: Holt McDougal.
84.    Jacobs, J. (2020). Death & Life of Great American Cities. London: Bodley Head.
85.    Jein, G., Rorato, L., & Saunders, A. (2017). Introduction: city margins, city memories. Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 25(4), 405-411. doi:10.1080/14782804.2017.1381588
86.    Kamani Fard, A., & Paydar, M. (2024). Place Attachment and Related Aspects in the Urban Setting. urban science, 8(3), 135. doi:10.3390/urbansci8030135 [In Persian]
87.    Kaplan, R., & Kaplan, S. (2017). Humanscape: Environments for People. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Michigan Publishing Services.
88.    Kaplan, S., & Kaplan, R. (1996). Experience of Nature. Ulrichs Books.
89.    Karami, I., Basiri, M., & Zeynali Azim, A. (2021). Analysis of place attachment and related variables in third urban locations (Case study: Elgoli Park of Tabriz). Geographical Urban Planning Research (GUPR), 9(3), 735-759. doi:10.22059/jurbangeo.2021.318070.1450 [In Persian]
90.    Khan, A. Z., Moulaert, F., & Schreurs, J. (2013). Epistemology of Space: Exploring Relational Perspectives in Planning, Urbanism, and Architecture. International Planning Studies, 18(3-4), 287-303. doi:10.1080/13563475.2013.837138 [In Persian]
91.    Koolhaas, R. (1997). S M L XL (2nd ed.). New York: The Monacelli Press.
92.    Kutnarova, A. (2025, 4 01). Remembering and forgetting: the built environment as an agent of collective memory in Old Cairo. Retrieved from ANTHROPOLOGY OF ARCHITECTURE: https://www.anthropologyofarchitecture.com/new-page-10
93.    Kwon, O.-H., Hong, I., Yang, J., Wohn, D. Y., Jung, W.-S., & Cha, M. (2021). Urban green space and happiness in developed countries. arXiv, preprint(arXiv:2101.00807). doi:10.4855WarXiv_2101.00807
94.    Lak, A., & Hakimian, P. (2019). Collective memory and urban regeneration in urban spaces: Reproducing memories in Baharestan Square, city of Tehran, Iran. City, Culture and Society, 18, 100290. doi:10.1016/j.ccs.2019.100290 [In Persian]
95.    Lang, J. (1987). Creating architectural theory: the role of the behavioral sciences in environmental design. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
96.    Lewicka, M. (2011). Place attachment: How far have we come in the last 40 years? Journal of Environmental Psychology, 31(3), 207-230. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2010.10.001
97.    Liao, Z., & Dai, G. (2020). Inheritance and Dissemination of Cultural Collective Memory: An Analysis of a Traditional Festival. SAGE Open, 10(1). doi:10.1177/2158244020901601
98.    Louv, R. (2008). Last Child in the Woods: Saving Our Children From Nature-Deficit Disorder. New York: Algonquin Books.
99.    Low, S. M. (1992). Symbolic Ties That Bind: Place Attachment in the Plaza. In I. Altman, & S. M. Low (Eds.), Place Attachment (pp. 165–185). New York: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-8753-4
100.  Lynch, K. (1964). The Image of the City. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
101.  Lynch, K. (1976). What Time is This Place? Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
102.  Lynch, K. (1988). The Image of the City. Cambridge, Massachusetts: M. I. T. Press.
103.  Manzo, L. C., & Perkins, D. D. (2006). Finding Common Ground: The Importance of Place Attachment to Community Participation and Planning. Journal of Planning Literature, 20(4), 335-350. doi:10.1177/0885412205286160
104.  Marques, V., Ursi, S., Silva, E. L., & Katon, G. (2020). Environmental Perception: Notes on Transdisciplinary Approach. Scientific Journal of Biology & Life Sciences, 1(2).
105.  Maslow, A. H. (2019). Religions, Values, and Peak-Experiences. Hawthorne, California: www.bnpublishing.com.
106.  McKeown, B. F., & Thomas, D. B. (2013). Q Methodology ( 2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications, Inc. doi:10.4135/9781483384412
107.  McLeod, S. (2023, October 5). Social Identity Theory In Psychology (Tajfel & Turner, 1979). (O. Guy-Evans, Ed.) Retrieved from Simply Psychology: https://www.simplypsychology.org/social-identity-theory.html
108.  McMillan, D. W., & Chavis, D. M. (1986). Sense of community: A definition and theory. JOURNAL OF Community Psychol, 14(1), 6-23. doi:10.1002/1520-6629(198601)14:1<6::AID-JCOP2290140103>3.0.CO;2-I
109.  Mojtabavi, S., Motalebi, G., & Ghoddusi Far, S. (2022). An Analysis of Influential Factors in Developing a Sense of Place Attachment (Case Study: Tajrish Bazaar). The Monthly Scientific Journal of Bagh-e Nazar, 18(105), 33-48. doi:10.22034/bagh.2021.293542.4931 [In Persian]
110.  Moore, R. C. (1997). The Need for Nature: A Childhood Right. Social Justice, 24(3), 203-220.
111.  Morgan, P. (2010). Towards a developmental theory of place attachment. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30(1), 11-22. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2009.07.001
112.  Namwar Mutlaq, B. (2024, 11 2). Historical and symbolic places in cities represent national and cultural stories. (I. N. Agency, Interviewer) Retrieved from https://irna.ir/xjRZbP
113.  Nasar, J. L. (1998). The Evaluative Image of the City. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications, Inc.
114.  Nora, P. (1989). Between Memory and History: Les Lieux de Mémoire. Representations(26), 7-24. doi:10.2307/2928520
115.  Norberg-Schulz, C. (1979). Genius Loci: Towards a Phenomenology of Architecture. New York: Rizzoli.
116.  Norberg-Schulz, C. (1993). The Concept of Dwelling: On the way to figurative architecture. New York: Rizzoli International Publications.
117.  Ochizi, S., & Mehdinejad Darzi, J. (2019). Recreating architectural space with the approach of promoting Iranian identity. Iranian and islamic architecttural and Restoration research, 2(4), 45-33.
118.  Oldenburg, R. (2023). Great Good Place. Great Barrington, Massachusetts: Berkshire Publishing Group LLC.
119.  Orr, D. W. (2004). Earth in Mind: On Education, Environment, and the Human Prospect (Second Edition, Revised ed.). Washington, D.C.: Island Press.
120.  Pallasmaa, J. (2012). The Eyes of the Skin: Architecture and the Senses ( 3rd ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
121.  Peng, J., Strijker, D., & Wu, Q. (2020). Place Identity: How Far Have We Come in Exploring Its Meanings? frontiers in Psychology, 11, 294. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00294
122.  Perkins, D. D., & Taylor , R. B. (1996). Ecological assessments of community disorder: Their relationship to fear of crime and theoretical implications. American Journal of Community Psychology, 24, 63–107. doi:10.1007/BF02511883
123.  Porteous , J. D. (1990). Landscapes of the Mind: Worlds of Sense and Metaphor. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: University of Toronto Press.
124.  Prezioso, E., & Alessandroni, N. (2022). Enacting memories through and with things: Remembering as material engagement. Memory Studies, 16(4), 962-983. doi:10.1177/17506980221108475
125.  Proshansky, H. M., Fabian, A. K., & Kaminoff, R. (1983). Place-identity: Physical world socialization of the self. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 3(1), 57-83. doi:10.1016/S0272-4944(83)80021-8
126.  Putnam, R. D. (2020). Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community (Anniversary ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster.
127.  Ramlo, S. E. (2023). Using Q methodology in health sciences education to study subjectivity. Advances in Health Sciences Education, 28, 1711–1722. doi:10.1007/s10459-023-10214-1
128.  Ratcliffe, E., & Korpela, K. M. (2016). Memory and place attachment as predictors of imagined restorative perceptions of favourite places. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 48, 120-130. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2016.09.005
129.  Relph, E. (2008). Place and Placelessness. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications Ltd.
130.  Rezende, S. (2025, 4 3). Memory and its Relationship to Architecture and the Urban Space. Retrieved from Rethinking The Future: https://www.re-thinkingthefuture.com/architectural-community/a10137-memory-and-its-relationship-to-architecture-and-the-urban-space/
131.  Ricoeur, P. (1990). Time and Narrative. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press.
132.  Rishbeth, C., & Powell, M. (2013). Place Attachment and Memory: Landscapes of Belonging as Experienced Post-migration. Landscape Research, 38(2), 160-178. doi:10.1080/01426397.2011.642344
133.  Rollero, C., & Piccoli, N. D. (2010). Place attachment, identification and environment perception: An empirical study. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30(2), 198-205. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2009.12.003
134.  Rose, G. (2022). Visual Methodologies: An Introduction to Researching with Visual Materials (5th ed ed.). NewYork: SAGE Publications Ltd.
135.  Rossi, A. (1984). The Architecture of the City (Reprint ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
136.  Russell, J. A., & Snodgrass, J. (1987). Emotion and the Environment. In D. Stokols, & I. Altman (Eds.), Handbook of Environmental Psychology (2nd ed., pp. 2541(245-281)). NewYork: ohn Wiley & Sons Inc.
137.  Safari, A., & Kheyri, N. (2018). Identify the Employees' Mental Pattern about Electronic Monitoring at Work by Q Method. Management Studies in Development and Evolution, 27(89), 91-118. doi:10.22054/jmsd.2018.27027.2539 [In Persian]
138.  Samuel, R. (2012). Theatres of Memory: Past and Present in Contemporary Culture. London: Verso Books.
139.  Sandling, J. (2025). Q Methodology: Complete Beginner's Guide. Retrieved 4 1, 2025, from jonathan sandling: https://jonathansandling.com/q-methodology-complete-beginners-guide/
140.  Scannell, L., & Gifford, R. (2010). Defining place attachment: A tripartite organizing framework. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30(1), 1–10. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2009.09.006
141.  schama, s. (2010). landscape and memory (2nd ed.). London: Fontana Press.
142.  Seamon, D. (2024). Lifeworld, Place, and Phenomenology: Holistic and Dialectical Perspectives. Journal of Philosophical Investigations at University of Tabriz, 18(48), 31-52. doi:10.22034/jpiut.2024.18406
143.  Sen, A., & Silverman, L. (Eds.). (2014). Making Place: Space and Embodiment in the City (21st Century Studies) (Illustrated ed.). Bloomington, Indiana, United States: Indiana University Press.
144.  Sereda, V. (2009). Politics of Memory and Urban Landscape: The Case of Lviv after World War II [1]. In S. Dempsey, Time, Memory, and Cultural Change – Introduction. Vienna: IWM Junior Visiting Fellows’ Conference Proceedings. Retrieved from iwm.
145.  Simms, E.-M. (2017). Psychology and Lived Space: Woodland Paths and the Pathic Dimension of Place Experience. In B. B. Janz (Ed.), Place, Space and Hermeneutics (pp. 437–449). Gewerbestrasse, Switzerland: Springer Cham. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-52214-2_31
146.  Smith, S. (2024, April 24). Understanding Q-Methodology: Bridging the Gap Between Qualitative and Quantitative Research. Retrieved from University of Phoenix: https://www.phoenix.edu/research/news/2024/understanding-q-methodology-bridging-the-gap-qualitative-quantitative.html
147.  Social Identity Theory. (2025, 3 1). Retrieved from Science Direct: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/psychology/social-identity-theory
148.  Soja, E. W. (2013). Seeking Spatial Justice (Kindle Edition ed.). Minneapolis, Minnesota: Univ Of Minnesota Press.
149.  Solnit, R. (2001). Wanderlust: A History of Walking. London, United Kingdom: Penguin Books.
150.  Somerville, P. (2002). But Why Social Constructionism? Housing, Theory and Society, 19(2), 78-79. doi:10.1080/140360902760385619
151.  Sorge, B. H., Williamson, F. A., Fore , G. A., & Angstmann, J. L. (2022, February 21). The Role of Place Attachment and Situated Sustainability Meaning-Making in Enhancing Student Civic-Mindedness: A Campus Farm Example. Retrieved from The Journal of Sustainability Education: https://www.susted.com/wordpress/content/the-role-of-place-attachment-and-situated-sustainability-meaning-making-in-enhancing-student-civic-mindedness-a-campus-farm-example_2022_02/?utm_source=chatgpt.com
152.  Southworth, M. (2005). Designing the Walkable City. Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 131(4), 246-257. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9488(2005)131:4(246)
153.  Stephenson, W. (1953). The study of behavior; Q-technique and its methodology. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press.
154.  Stokes, M. (1997). Ethnicity, Identity and Music: The Musical Construction of Place. Oxford, United Kingdom: Berg Publishers.
155.  Stokols, D. (1981). People in places: A transactional view of settings. In J. H. Harvey (Ed.), Cognition, Social Behavior, and the Environment (p. 608). Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.
156.  Stokols, D., & Shumaker, S. A. (1982). The psychological context of residential mobility and well-being. Journal of Social Issues, 38(3), 149-171. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1982.tb01776.x
157.  Sustainability Directory. (2025, February 26). Place Attachment Theory. Retrieved from Sustainability Directory: https://lifestyle.sustainability-directory.com/term/place-attachment-theory
158.  Swan, J. (1990). Sacred Places: How the Living Earth Seeks Our Friendship. Rochester, Vermont, USA: Bear & Company.
159.  Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. (2001). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In M. A. Hogg, & D. Abrams (Eds.), Intergroup Relations: Essential Readings (pp. 456 (94–109)). London: Psychology Press Ltd.
160.  Till, K. E. (2005). The New Berlin: Memory, Politics, Place. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Univ Of Minnesota Press.
161.  Tuan, Y.-F. (1990). Topophilia: A Study of Environmental Perception, Attitudes, and Values (Reprint ed.). New York: Columbia University Press.
162.  Tuan, Y.-F. (2001). Space and place : the perspective of experience (Reprint ed.). Minneapolis, Minnesota: Univ Of Minnesota Press.
163.  Tuan, Y.-F. (2001). Space and Place: The Perspective of Experience (Reprint ed.). Minneapolis, Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press.
164.  Turner, V., Abrahams, R., & Harris, A. (2017). The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti-Structure. NewYork: Routledge.
165.  Ulrich, R. S. (1984). View through a window may influence recovery from surgery. Science, 224(4647), 420–421. doi:10.1126/science.6143402
166.  UNESCO. (2024). Text of the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage. Retrieved from Intangible Cultural Heritage: https://ich.unesco.org/doc/src/2003_Convention_Basic_Texts_2024_version_EN.pdf
167.  Urry, J. (1990). The Tourist Gaze: Leisure and Travel in Contemporary Societies. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications Ltd.
168.  Vinney, C. (2024, September 3). Understanding Social Identity Theory and Its Impact on Behavior. Retrieved from ThoughtCo: https://www.thoughtco.com/social-identity-theory-4174315
169.  Volf, M. (2015, 2 1). The Justice of Memory, the Grace of Forgetting: A Conversation with Miroslav Volf. (J. K. Smith, Interviewer) Retrieved from https://comment.org/the-justice-of-memory-the-grace-of-forgetting-a-conversation-with-miroslav-volf/
170.  Wagoner, B. (2015). Collective remembering as a process of social representation. In G. Sammut, E. Andreouli, G. Gaskell, & J. Valsiner (Eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Social Representations (pp. 143 - 162). Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9781107323650.013
171.  Wang, F. (2016). Theory Study of Urban Memory. In F. Wang, Beijing Urban Memory (pp. 1–10). Singapore: Springer Singapore. doi:10.1007/978-981-10-0678-4
172.  Westin, A. F., & Solove, D. J. (2015). Privacy and Freedom. New York: Ig Publishing.
173.  Wolfe, T. (2024, April 25). Place Identity Theory – How Environments Shape Identities? Retrieved from Emotion Nest: https://emotionnest.com/place-identitytheory
174.  Young, J. E. (1992). The Counter-Monument: Memory against Itself in Germany Today. Critical Inquiry, 18(2), 267-296. doi:10.1086/448632
175.  Youssef, R. S. (2022). Place and the (trans) formation of self-identity in Ezzedine Fishere’s Farah’s Story. GeoJournal, 88, 3093–3104. doi:10.1007/s10708-022-10794-2
176.  Zahid, A., & Misirlisoy, D. (2021). Measuring place attachment, identity, and memory in urban spaces: case of the Walled City of Lahore, Pakistan. Journal of Architecture and Urbanism, 45(2), 171-182. doi:10.3846/jau.2021.15183
177.  Zhang, Z., Gao, Y., Zhou, S., Zhang, T., Zhang, W., & Meng, H. (2022). Psychological Cognitive Factors Affecting Visual Behavior and Satisfaction Preference for Forest Recreation Space. forests, 13(2). doi:10.3390/f13020136

مقالات آماده انتشار، پذیرفته شده
انتشار آنلاین از 18 بهمن 1404